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  <teiHeader>
    <fileDesc>
      <titleStmt>
        <title type="main">Wurdahuzdą: Proto-Germanic dictionary — *strangiz</title>
        <author>Scott K. Shay</author>
      </titleStmt>
      <publicationStmt>
        <publisher>Wardja Press</publisher>
        <date when="2026-10-02"/>
        <idno type="URL">https://protogermanic.org/pgmc_strangiz</idno>
      </publicationStmt>
      <sourceDesc>
        <p>Single-entry extract from the dictionary. Cross-references to other entries point to their identifiers in the full dictionary.</p>
      </sourceDesc>
    </fileDesc>
  </teiHeader>
  <text>
    <body>
      <list type="cognates">
        <item xml:id="cog_grc_strangos" xml:lang="grc" type="cognate">
          <orth>στραγγός</orth>
          <form type="translit">
            <orth>strangós</orth>
          </form>
          <def>tied together, entangled, twisted</def>
        </item>
        <item xml:id="cog_ine-x-proto_strengh" xml:lang="ine-x-proto" type="etymon">
          <orth>*strengʰ-</orth>
          <def>pulled tight, straight, constricted</def>
        </item>
      </list>
      <div type="dictionary">
        <entry xml:id="pgmc_strangiz" type="noun" corresp="https://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/Reconstruction:Proto-Germanic/strangiz">
          <form type="lemma">
            <orth>strangiz</orth>
            <pron notation="ipa">ˈstrɑŋ.ɡiz</pron>
            <form type="runic">
              <orth>ᛊᛏᚱᚨᚾᚷᛁᛉ</orth>
            </form>
          </form>
          <gramGrp>
            <pos>noun</pos>
            <gram type="gender">masculine</gram>
            <gram type="stem">i-stem</gram>
          </gramGrp>
          <sense n="1">
            <def>string</def>
          </sense>
          <etym>
            <seg type="p">From Proto-Indo-European <mentioned xml:lang="ine-x-proto" target="#cog_ine-x-proto_strengh"><ref target="#cog_ine-x-proto_strengh">*strengʰ-</ref></mentioned> (‘rope, cord; to be tight’). Cognate with Ancient Greek <mentioned xml:lang="grc" target="#cog_grc_strangos"><ref target="#cog_grc_strangos">στραγγός</ref></mentioned> (strangós, ‘tied together, entangled, twisted’), Irish srincne (‘umbilical cord’).</seg>
          </etym>
          <re type="paradigm">
            <form type="inflected" ana="#sg #nom">
              <orth>strangiz</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#pl #nom">
              <orth>strangīz</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#sg #acc">
              <orth>strangį</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#pl #acc">
              <orth>stranginz</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#sg #gen">
              <orth>strangīz</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#pl #gen">
              <orth>strangijǫ̂</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#sg #dat">
              <orth>strangī</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#pl #dat">
              <orth>strangimaz</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#sg #instr">
              <orth>strangī</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#pl #instr">
              <orth>strangimiz</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#sg #voc">
              <orth>strangi</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#pl #voc">
              <orth>strangīz</orth>
            </form>
          </re>
          <re type="descendants">
            <list>
              <item>
                <form type="descendant">
                  <lang>Proto-West Germanic</lang>
                  <orth>*strangi</orth>
                  <form type="descendant">
                    <lang>Old Dutch</lang>
                    <orth>*streng</orth>
                    <form type="descendant">
                      <lang>Middle Dutch</lang>
                      <orth>strenc, strenge</orth>
                      <form type="descendant">
                        <lang>Dutch</lang>
                        <orth>streng</orth>
                        <form type="descendant">
                          <lang>Afrikaans</lang>
                          <orth>streng</orth>
                        </form>
                      </form>
                    </form>
                  </form>
                </form>
              </item>
              <item>
                <form type="descendant">
                  <lang>Proto-West Germanic</lang>
                  <orth>*strangi</orth>
                  <form type="descendant">
                    <lang>Old English</lang>
                    <orth>streng</orth>
                    <form type="descendant">
                      <lang>Middle English</lang>
                      <orth>streng, string</orth>
                      <form type="descendant">
                        <lang>Scots</lang>
                        <orth>string</orth>
                      </form>
                    </form>
                  </form>
                </form>
              </item>
              <item>
                <form type="descendant">
                  <lang>Proto-West Germanic</lang>
                  <orth>*strangi</orth>
                  <form type="descendant">
                    <lang>Old English</lang>
                    <orth>streng</orth>
                    <form type="descendant">
                      <lang>Middle English</lang>
                      <orth>streng, string</orth>
                      <form type="descendant">
                        <lang>English</lang>
                        <orth>string</orth>
                        <form type="descendant">
                          <lang>Dutch</lang>
                          <orth>string</orth>
                        </form>
                        <form type="descendant">
                          <lang>German</lang>
                          <orth>String</orth>
                        </form>
                      </form>
                    </form>
                  </form>
                </form>
              </item>
              <item>
                <form type="descendant">
                  <lang>Proto-West Germanic</lang>
                  <orth>*strangi</orth>
                  <form type="descendant">
                    <lang>Old Frisian</lang>
                    <orth>*strang, *streng</orth>
                    <form type="descendant">
                      <lang>Saterland Frisian</lang>
                      <orth>Strange</orth>
                    </form>
                    <form type="descendant">
                      <lang>West Frisian</lang>
                      <orth>string</orth>
                    </form>
                  </form>
                </form>
              </item>
              <item>
                <form type="descendant">
                  <lang>Proto-West Germanic</lang>
                  <orth>*strangi</orth>
                  <form type="descendant">
                    <lang>Old High German</lang>
                    <orth>stranc, strang</orth>
                    <form type="descendant">
                      <lang>Middle High German</lang>
                      <orth>strank, stranc, strange</orth>
                      <form type="descendant">
                        <lang>German</lang>
                        <orth>Strang</orth>
                      </form>
                    </form>
                  </form>
                </form>
              </item>
              <item>
                <form type="descendant">
                  <lang>Proto-West Germanic</lang>
                  <orth>*strangi</orth>
                  <form type="descendant">
                    <lang>Old Saxon</lang>
                    <orth>*strang, *strengi</orth>
                    <form type="descendant">
                      <lang>Middle Low German</lang>
                      <orth>strank, strange, strenc</orth>
                      <form type="descendant">
                        <lang>German Low German</lang>
                        <orth>Strenge</orth>
                      </form>
                    </form>
                  </form>
                </form>
              </item>
              <item>
                <form type="descendant">
                  <lang>Old Norse</lang>
                  <orth>strengr</orth>
                  <form type="descendant">
                    <lang>Elfdalian</lang>
                    <orth>straingg</orth>
                  </form>
                  <form type="descendant">
                    <lang>Faroese</lang>
                    <orth>strongur</orth>
                  </form>
                  <form type="descendant">
                    <lang>Gutnish</lang>
                    <orth>strängg</orth>
                  </form>
                  <form type="descendant">
                    <lang>Icelandic</lang>
                    <orth>strengur</orth>
                  </form>
                  <form type="descendant">
                    <lang>Norwegian Bokmål</lang>
                    <orth>streng</orth>
                  </form>
                  <form type="descendant">
                    <lang>Norwegian Nynorsk</lang>
                    <orth>streng</orth>
                  </form>
                </form>
              </item>
              <item>
                <form type="descendant">
                  <lang>Old Norse</lang>
                  <orth>strengr</orth>
                  <form type="descendant">
                    <lang>Old Danish</lang>
                    <orth>stræng</orth>
                    <form type="descendant">
                      <lang>Danish</lang>
                      <orth>streng</orth>
                    </form>
                  </form>
                </form>
              </item>
              <item>
                <form type="descendant">
                  <lang>Old Norse</lang>
                  <orth>strengr</orth>
                  <form type="descendant">
                    <lang>Old Irish</lang>
                    <orth>sreng</orth>
                    <form type="descendant">
                      <lang>Middle Irish</lang>
                      <orth>sreng</orth>
                      <form type="descendant">
                        <lang>Irish</lang>
                        <orth>sreang</orth>
                      </form>
                      <form type="descendant">
                        <lang>Manx</lang>
                        <orth>streng</orth>
                      </form>
                      <form type="descendant">
                        <lang>Scottish Gaelic</lang>
                        <orth>sreang</orth>
                      </form>
                    </form>
                  </form>
                </form>
              </item>
              <item>
                <form type="descendant">
                  <lang>Old Norse</lang>
                  <orth>strengr</orth>
                  <form type="descendant">
                    <lang>Old Irish</lang>
                    <orth>sreng</orth>
                    <form type="descendant">
                      <lang>Middle Irish</lang>
                      <orth>sringcne</orth>
                      <form type="descendant">
                        <lang>Irish</lang>
                        <orth>srincne</orth>
                      </form>
                    </form>
                  </form>
                </form>
              </item>
              <item>
                <form type="descendant">
                  <lang>Old Norse</lang>
                  <orth>strengr</orth>
                  <form type="descendant">
                    <lang>Old Swedish</lang>
                    <orth>strænger</orth>
                    <form type="descendant">
                      <lang>Swedish</lang>
                      <orth>sträng</orth>
                    </form>
                  </form>
                </form>
              </item>
            </list>
          </re>
        </entry>
      </div>
    </body>
  </text>
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