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      <titleStmt>
        <title type="main">Wurdahuzdą: Proto-Germanic dictionary — *streupaną</title>
        <author>Scott K. Shay</author>
      </titleStmt>
      <publicationStmt>
        <publisher>Wardja Press</publisher>
        <date when="2026-10-01"/>
        <idno type="URL">https://protogermanic.org/pgmc_streupaną</idno>
      </publicationStmt>
      <sourceDesc>
        <p>Single-entry extract from the dictionary. Cross-references to other entries point to their identifiers in the full dictionary.</p>
      </sourceDesc>
    </fileDesc>
  </teiHeader>
  <text>
    <body>
      <list type="cognates">
        <item xml:id="cog_grc_strepho" xml:lang="grc" type="cognate">
          <orth>στρέφω</orth>
          <form type="translit">
            <orth>stréphō</orth>
          </form>
          <def>to twist</def>
        </item>
      </list>
      <div type="dictionary">
        <entry xml:id="pgmc_streupana" type="verb" corresp="https://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/Reconstruction:Proto-Germanic/streupaną">
          <form type="lemma">
            <orth>streupaną</orth>
            <pron notation="ipa">ˈstreu̯.pɑ.nɑ̃</pron>
            <form type="runic">
              <orth>ᛊᛏᚱᛖᚢᛈᚨᚾᚨ</orth>
            </form>
          </form>
          <gramGrp>
            <pos>verb</pos>
            <gram type="class">Strong class 2</gram>
          </gramGrp>
          <sense n="1">
            <def>to touch, graze, brush</def>
          </sense>
          <sense n="2">
            <def>to squeeze</def>
          </sense>
          <sense n="3">
            <def>to strip</def>
          </sense>
          <etym>
            <seg type="p">According to Kroonen, a back-formation from the iterative *strupōną (‘to writhe’), with both traditionally derived from Proto-Indo-European *strewb-; he prefers to derive them from a root *strebʰ- (‘to twist’), adducing Ancient Greek <mentioned xml:lang="grc" target="#cog_grc_strepho"><ref target="#cog_grc_strepho">στρέφω</ref></mentioned> (stréphō, ‘to twist’) as a cognate. This has been disputed, however.</seg>
            <seg type="p">Older theories derived the term from Proto-Indo-European *strew-, *sterw-, *ster- (‘strip; beam; streak; ray’).</seg>
          </etym>
          <re type="paradigm">
            <form type="inflected" ana="#pres #ind #act #p1 #sg">
              <orth>streupō</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#pres #subj #act #p1 #sg">
              <orth>streupaų</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#pres #ind #pass #p1 #sg">
              <orth>streupai</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#pres #ind #act #p2 #sg">
              <orth>striupizi</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#pres #subj #act #p2 #sg">
              <orth>streupaiz</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#pres #imper #act #p2 #sg">
              <orth>streup</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#pres #ind #pass #p2 #sg">
              <orth>streupazai</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#pres #subj #pass #p2 #sg">
              <orth>streupaizau</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#pres #ind #act #p3 #sg">
              <orth>striupidi</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#pres #subj #act #p3 #sg">
              <orth>streupai</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#pres #imper #act #p3 #sg">
              <orth>streupadau</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#pres #ind #pass #p3 #sg">
              <orth>streupadai</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#pres #subj #pass #p3 #sg">
              <orth>streupaidau</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#pres #ind #act #p1 #du">
              <orth>streupōz</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#pres #subj #act #p1 #du">
              <orth>streupaiw</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#pres #ind #act #p2 #du">
              <orth>streupadiz</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#pres #subj #act #p2 #du">
              <orth>streupaidiz</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#pres #imper #act #p2 #du">
              <orth>streupadiz</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#pres #ind #act #p1 #pl">
              <orth>streupamaz</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#pres #subj #act #p1 #pl">
              <orth>streupaim</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#pres #ind #pass #p1 #pl">
              <orth>streupandai</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#pres #subj #pass #p1 #pl">
              <orth>streupaindau</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#pres #ind #act #p2 #pl">
              <orth>striupid</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#pres #subj #act #p2 #pl">
              <orth>streupaid</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#pres #imper #act #p2 #pl">
              <orth>striupid</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#pres #ind #pass #p2 #pl">
              <orth>streupandai</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#pres #subj #pass #p2 #pl">
              <orth>streupaindau</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#pres #ind #act #p3 #pl">
              <orth>streupandi</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#pres #subj #act #p3 #pl">
              <orth>streupain</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#pres #imper #act #p3 #pl">
              <orth>streupandau</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#pres #ind #pass #p3 #pl">
              <orth>streupandai</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#pres #subj #pass #p3 #pl">
              <orth>streupaindau</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#past #ind #p1 #sg">
              <orth>straup</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#past #subj #p1 #sg">
              <orth>strupį̄</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#past #ind #p2 #sg">
              <orth>strauft</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#past #subj #p2 #sg">
              <orth>strupīz</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#past #ind #p3 #sg">
              <orth>straup</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#past #subj #p3 #sg">
              <orth>strupī</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#past #ind #p1 #du">
              <orth>strupū</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#past #subj #p1 #du">
              <orth>strupīw</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#past #ind #p2 #du">
              <orth>strupudiz</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#past #subj #p2 #du">
              <orth>strupīdiz</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#past #ind #p1 #pl">
              <orth>strupum</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#past #subj #p1 #pl">
              <orth>strupīm</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#past #ind #p2 #pl">
              <orth>strupud</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#past #subj #p2 #pl">
              <orth>strupīd</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#past #ind #p3 #pl">
              <orth>strupun</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#past #subj #p3 #pl">
              <orth>strupīn</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="participle" subtype="present">
              <orth>streupandz</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="participle" subtype="past">
              <orth>strupanaz</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="infinitive">
              <orth>streupaną</orth>
            </form>
          </re>
          <re type="descendants">
            <list>
              <item>
                <form type="descendant">
                  <lang>Proto-West Germanic</lang>
                  <orth>*streupan</orth>
                  <form type="descendant">
                    <lang>Old High German</lang>
                    <orth>*striofan</orth>
                    <form type="descendant">
                      <lang>Middle High German</lang>
                      <orth>striefen</orth>
                      <form type="descendant">
                        <lang>German</lang>
                        <orth>striefen</orth>
                      </form>
                    </form>
                  </form>
                </form>
              </item>
              <item>
                <form type="descendant">
                  <lang>Old Norse</lang>
                  <orth>*strúpa</orth>
                  <form type="descendant">
                    <lang>Swedish</lang>
                    <orth>strypa</orth>
                  </form>
                </form>
              </item>
              <item>
                <form type="descendant">
                  <lang>Old Norse</lang>
                  <orth>*strúpa</orth>
                  <form type="descendant">
                    <lang>Norwegian</lang>
                    <orth>?</orth>
                    <form type="descendant">
                      <lang>Norwegian Bokmål</lang>
                      <orth>strupe, strype</orth>
                    </form>
                    <form type="descendant">
                      <lang>Norwegian Nynorsk</lang>
                      <orth>strupe, strupa, strype, strypa</orth>
                    </form>
                  </form>
                </form>
              </item>
              <item>
                <form type="descendant">
                  <lang>Old Norse</lang>
                  <orth>*strjúpa</orth>
                  <form type="descendant">
                    <lang>Swedish</lang>
                    <orth>strypa</orth>
                  </form>
                </form>
              </item>
              <item>
                <form type="descendant">
                  <lang>Old Norse</lang>
                  <orth>*strjúpa</orth>
                  <form type="descendant">
                    <lang>Norwegian</lang>
                    <orth>?</orth>
                    <form type="descendant">
                      <lang>Norwegian Bokmål</lang>
                      <orth>strupe, strype</orth>
                    </form>
                    <form type="descendant">
                      <lang>Norwegian Nynorsk</lang>
                      <orth>strupe, strupa, strype, strypa</orth>
                    </form>
                  </form>
                </form>
              </item>
            </list>
          </re>
        </entry>
      </div>
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