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  <teiHeader>
    <fileDesc>
      <titleStmt>
        <title type="main">Wurdahuzdą: Proto-Germanic dictionary — *strīdaną</title>
        <author>Scott K. Shay</author>
      </titleStmt>
      <publicationStmt>
        <publisher>Wardja Press</publisher>
        <date when="2026-10-01"/>
        <idno type="URL">https://protogermanic.org/pgmc_strīdaną</idno>
      </publicationStmt>
      <sourceDesc>
        <p>Single-entry extract from the dictionary. Cross-references to other entries point to their identifiers in the full dictionary.</p>
      </sourceDesc>
    </fileDesc>
  </teiHeader>
  <text>
    <body>
      <list type="cognates">
        <item xml:id="cog_ine-x-proto_strey" xml:lang="ine-x-proto" type="etymon">
          <orth>*strey-</orth>
          <def>to resist</def>
        </item>
        <item xml:id="cog_lit_strainus" xml:lang="lit" type="cognate">
          <orth>strainùs</orth>
          <def>unruly</def>
        </item>
      </list>
      <div type="dictionary">
        <entry xml:id="pgmc_stridana" type="verb" corresp="https://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/Reconstruction:Proto-Germanic/strīdaną">
          <form type="lemma">
            <orth>strīdaną</orth>
            <pron notation="ipa">ˈstriː.ðɑ.nɑ̃</pron>
            <form type="runic">
              <orth>ᛊᛏᚱᛁᛞᚨᚾᚨ</orth>
            </form>
          </form>
          <gramGrp>
            <pos>verb</pos>
            <gram type="class">Strong class 1</gram>
          </gramGrp>
          <sense n="1">
            <def>to stand upright</def>
          </sense>
          <sense n="2">
            <def>to step up to</def>
          </sense>
          <sense n="3">
            <def>to endeavour; strive for</def>
          </sense>
          <sense n="4">
            <def>to contend; quarrel</def>
          </sense>
          <etym>
            <seg type="p">Probably from Pre-Germanic *streydʰh₁-, a compound of a Proto-Indo-European <mentioned xml:lang="ine-x-proto" target="#cog_ine-x-proto_strey"><ref target="#cog_ine-x-proto_strey">*strey-</ref></mentioned> (‘to resist’) + *dʰeh₁- (‘to put’). Probably related to Latvian strīdēties, striêtiês (‘to resist, quarrel’), Lithuanian <mentioned xml:lang="lit" target="#cog_lit_strainus"><ref target="#cog_lit_strainus">strainùs</ref></mentioned> (‘unruly’).</seg>
          </etym>
          <re type="paradigm">
            <form type="inflected" ana="#pres #ind #act #p1 #sg">
              <orth>strīdō</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#pres #subj #act #p1 #sg">
              <orth>strīdaų</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#pres #ind #pass #p1 #sg">
              <orth>strīdai</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#pres #ind #act #p2 #sg">
              <orth>strīdizi</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#pres #subj #act #p2 #sg">
              <orth>strīdaiz</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#pres #imper #act #p2 #sg">
              <orth>strīd</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#pres #ind #pass #p2 #sg">
              <orth>strīdazai</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#pres #subj #pass #p2 #sg">
              <orth>strīdaizau</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#pres #ind #act #p3 #sg">
              <orth>strīdidi</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#pres #subj #act #p3 #sg">
              <orth>strīdai</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#pres #imper #act #p3 #sg">
              <orth>strīdadau</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#pres #ind #pass #p3 #sg">
              <orth>strīdadai</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#pres #subj #pass #p3 #sg">
              <orth>strīdaidau</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#pres #ind #act #p1 #du">
              <orth>strīdōz</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#pres #subj #act #p1 #du">
              <orth>strīdaiw</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#pres #ind #act #p2 #du">
              <orth>strīdadiz</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#pres #subj #act #p2 #du">
              <orth>strīdaidiz</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#pres #imper #act #p2 #du">
              <orth>strīdadiz</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#pres #ind #act #p1 #pl">
              <orth>strīdamaz</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#pres #subj #act #p1 #pl">
              <orth>strīdaim</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#pres #ind #pass #p1 #pl">
              <orth>strīdandai</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#pres #subj #pass #p1 #pl">
              <orth>strīdaindau</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#pres #ind #act #p2 #pl">
              <orth>strīdid</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#pres #subj #act #p2 #pl">
              <orth>strīdaid</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#pres #imper #act #p2 #pl">
              <orth>strīdid</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#pres #ind #pass #p2 #pl">
              <orth>strīdandai</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#pres #subj #pass #p2 #pl">
              <orth>strīdaindau</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#pres #ind #act #p3 #pl">
              <orth>strīdandi</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#pres #subj #act #p3 #pl">
              <orth>strīdain</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#pres #imper #act #p3 #pl">
              <orth>strīdandau</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#pres #ind #pass #p3 #pl">
              <orth>strīdandai</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#pres #subj #pass #p3 #pl">
              <orth>strīdaindau</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#past #ind #p1 #sg">
              <orth>straid</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#past #subj #p1 #sg">
              <orth>stridį̄</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#past #ind #p2 #sg">
              <orth>straist</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#past #subj #p2 #sg">
              <orth>stridīz</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#past #ind #p3 #sg">
              <orth>straid</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#past #subj #p3 #sg">
              <orth>stridī</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#past #ind #p1 #du">
              <orth>stridū</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#past #subj #p1 #du">
              <orth>stridīw</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#past #ind #p2 #du">
              <orth>stridudiz</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#past #subj #p2 #du">
              <orth>stridīdiz</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#past #ind #p1 #pl">
              <orth>stridum</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#past #subj #p1 #pl">
              <orth>stridīm</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#past #ind #p2 #pl">
              <orth>stridud</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#past #subj #p2 #pl">
              <orth>stridīd</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#past #ind #p3 #pl">
              <orth>stridun</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#past #subj #p3 #pl">
              <orth>stridīn</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="participle" subtype="present">
              <orth>strīdandz</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="participle" subtype="past">
              <orth>stridanaz</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="infinitive">
              <orth>strīdaną</orth>
            </form>
          </re>
          <re type="descendants">
            <list>
              <item>
                <form type="descendant">
                  <lang>Proto-West Germanic</lang>
                  <orth>*strīdan</orth>
                  <form type="descendant">
                    <lang>Old Dutch</lang>
                    <orth>*strīdan</orth>
                    <form type="descendant">
                      <lang>Middle Dutch</lang>
                      <orth>striden</orth>
                      <form type="descendant">
                        <lang>Limburgish</lang>
                        <orth>strieje</orth>
                      </form>
                    </form>
                  </form>
                </form>
              </item>
              <item>
                <form type="descendant">
                  <lang>Proto-West Germanic</lang>
                  <orth>*strīdan</orth>
                  <form type="descendant">
                    <lang>Old Dutch</lang>
                    <orth>*strīdan</orth>
                    <form type="descendant">
                      <lang>Middle Dutch</lang>
                      <orth>striden</orth>
                      <form type="descendant">
                        <lang>Dutch</lang>
                        <orth>strijden</orth>
                        <form type="descendant">
                          <lang>Afrikaans</lang>
                          <orth>stry</orth>
                        </form>
                      </form>
                    </form>
                  </form>
                </form>
              </item>
              <item>
                <form type="descendant">
                  <lang>Proto-West Germanic</lang>
                  <orth>*strīdan</orth>
                  <form type="descendant">
                    <lang>Old English</lang>
                    <orth>strīdan</orth>
                    <form type="descendant">
                      <lang>Middle English</lang>
                      <orth>strīden</orth>
                      <form type="descendant">
                        <lang>English</lang>
                        <orth>stride</orth>
                      </form>
                      <form type="descendant">
                        <lang>Scots</lang>
                        <orth>stryde, stride</orth>
                      </form>
                    </form>
                  </form>
                </form>
              </item>
              <item>
                <form type="descendant">
                  <lang>Proto-West Germanic</lang>
                  <orth>*strīdan</orth>
                  <form type="descendant">
                    <lang>Old Frisian</lang>
                    <orth>strīda</orth>
                    <form type="descendant">
                      <lang>North Frisian</lang>
                      <orth>?</orth>
                    </form>
                    <form type="descendant">
                      <lang>Saterland Frisian</lang>
                      <orth>striedje</orth>
                    </form>
                    <form type="descendant">
                      <lang>West Frisian</lang>
                      <orth>stride, strijde</orth>
                    </form>
                  </form>
                </form>
              </item>
              <item>
                <form type="descendant">
                  <lang>Proto-West Germanic</lang>
                  <orth>*strīdan</orth>
                  <form type="descendant">
                    <lang>Old High German</lang>
                    <orth>strītan</orth>
                    <form type="descendant">
                      <lang>Middle High German</lang>
                      <orth>strīten</orth>
                      <form type="descendant">
                        <lang>German</lang>
                        <orth>streiten</orth>
                      </form>
                      <form type="descendant">
                        <lang>Luxembourgish</lang>
                        <orth>streiden</orth>
                      </form>
                    </form>
                  </form>
                </form>
              </item>
              <item>
                <form type="descendant">
                  <lang>Proto-West Germanic</lang>
                  <orth>*strīdan</orth>
                  <form type="descendant">
                    <lang>Old Saxon</lang>
                    <orth>strīdan</orth>
                    <form type="descendant">
                      <lang>Middle Low German</lang>
                      <orth>strîden</orth>
                      <form type="descendant">
                        <lang>German Low German</lang>
                        <orth>strieden</orth>
                      </form>
                    </form>
                  </form>
                </form>
              </item>
              <item>
                <form type="descendant">
                  <lang>Old Norse</lang>
                  <orth>*stríða</orth>
                  <form type="descendant">
                    <lang>Old Swedish</lang>
                    <orth>strīþa</orth>
                    <form type="descendant">
                      <lang>Swedish</lang>
                      <orth>strida</orth>
                    </form>
                  </form>
                </form>
              </item>
            </list>
          </re>
        </entry>
      </div>
    </body>
  </text>
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