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    <fileDesc>
      <titleStmt>
        <title type="main">Wurdahuzdą: Proto-Germanic dictionary — *stukkaz</title>
        <author>Scott K. Shay</author>
      </titleStmt>
      <publicationStmt>
        <publisher>Wardja Press</publisher>
        <date when="2026-10-03"/>
        <idno type="URL">https://protogermanic.org/pgmc_stukkaz</idno>
      </publicationStmt>
      <sourceDesc>
        <p>Single-entry extract from the dictionary. Cross-references to other entries point to their identifiers in the full dictionary.</p>
      </sourceDesc>
    </fileDesc>
  </teiHeader>
  <text>
    <body>
      <list type="cognates">
        <item xml:id="cog_ine-x-proto_s_tewg" xml:lang="ine-x-proto" type="etymon">
          <orth>*(s)tewg-</orth>
        </item>
      </list>
      <div type="dictionary">
        <entry xml:id="pgmc_stukkaz" type="noun" corresp="https://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/Reconstruction:Proto-Germanic/stukkaz">
          <form type="lemma">
            <orth>stukkaz</orth>
            <pron notation="ipa">ˈstuk.kɑz</pron>
            <form type="runic">
              <orth>ᛊᛏᚢᚲᚨᛉ</orth>
            </form>
          </form>
          <gramGrp>
            <pos>noun</pos>
            <gram type="gender">masculine</gram>
            <gram type="stem">a-stem</gram>
          </gramGrp>
          <sense n="1">
            <def>stick</def>
          </sense>
          <sense n="2">
            <def>beam; post</def>
          </sense>
          <sense n="3">
            <def>stump</def>
          </sense>
          <etym>
            <seg type="p">Derived from *stikaną (‘to stick, stab’). An alternative theory derives the word from Proto-Indo-European <mentioned xml:lang="ine-x-proto" target="#cog_ine-x-proto_s_tewg"><ref target="#cog_ine-x-proto_s_tewg">*(s)tewg-</ref></mentioned> (‘to push; hit’).</seg>
          </etym>
          <re type="paradigm">
            <form type="inflected" ana="#sg #nom">
              <orth>stukkaz</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#pl #nom">
              <orth>stukkōz, stukkōs</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#sg #acc">
              <orth>stukką</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#pl #acc">
              <orth>stukkanz</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#sg #gen">
              <orth>stukkas, stukkis</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#pl #gen">
              <orth>stukkǫ̂</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#sg #dat">
              <orth>stukkai</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#pl #dat">
              <orth>stukkamaz</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#sg #instr">
              <orth>stukkō</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#pl #instr">
              <orth>stukkamiz</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#sg #voc">
              <orth>stukk</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#pl #voc">
              <orth>stukkōz, stukkōs</orth>
            </form>
          </re>
          <re type="descendants">
            <list>
              <item>
                <form type="descendant">
                  <lang>Proto-West Germanic</lang>
                  <orth>*stokk</orth>
                  <form type="descendant">
                    <lang>Old Dutch</lang>
                    <orth>*stoc</orth>
                    <form type="descendant">
                      <lang>Middle Dutch</lang>
                      <orth>stoc</orth>
                      <form type="descendant">
                        <lang>Dutch</lang>
                        <orth>stok</orth>
                      </form>
                    </form>
                  </form>
                </form>
              </item>
              <item>
                <form type="descendant">
                  <lang>Proto-West Germanic</lang>
                  <orth>*stokk</orth>
                  <form type="descendant">
                    <lang>Old English</lang>
                    <orth>stocc</orth>
                    <form type="descendant">
                      <lang>Middle English</lang>
                      <orth>stokke, stocke, stok</orth>
                      <form type="descendant">
                        <lang>English</lang>
                        <orth>stock</orth>
                      </form>
                      <form type="descendant">
                        <lang>Scots</lang>
                        <orth>stok</orth>
                      </form>
                    </form>
                  </form>
                </form>
              </item>
              <item>
                <form type="descendant">
                  <lang>Proto-West Germanic</lang>
                  <orth>*stokk</orth>
                  <form type="descendant">
                    <lang>Old French</lang>
                    <orth>estoc</orth>
                    <form type="descendant">
                      <lang>Italian</lang>
                      <orth>stocco</orth>
                    </form>
                    <form type="descendant">
                      <lang>Portuguese</lang>
                      <orth>estoco, estocar</orth>
                    </form>
                    <form type="descendant">
                      <lang>Sicilian</lang>
                      <orth>stoccu, stuccari</orth>
                    </form>
                  </form>
                </form>
              </item>
              <item>
                <form type="descendant">
                  <lang>Proto-West Germanic</lang>
                  <orth>*stokk</orth>
                  <form type="descendant">
                    <lang>Old French</lang>
                    <orth>estoc</orth>
                    <form type="descendant">
                      <lang>Middle French</lang>
                      <orth>estoc, estot</orth>
                      <form type="descendant">
                        <lang>French</lang>
                        <orth>étau, estoc</orth>
                      </form>
                    </form>
                  </form>
                </form>
              </item>
              <item>
                <form type="descendant">
                  <lang>Proto-West Germanic</lang>
                  <orth>*stokk</orth>
                  <form type="descendant">
                    <lang>Old Frisian</lang>
                    <orth>stokk, stok</orth>
                    <form type="descendant">
                      <lang>Saterland Frisian</lang>
                      <orth>Stok</orth>
                    </form>
                    <form type="descendant">
                      <lang>West Frisian</lang>
                      <orth>stoak</orth>
                    </form>
                  </form>
                </form>
              </item>
              <item>
                <form type="descendant">
                  <lang>Proto-West Germanic</lang>
                  <orth>*stokk</orth>
                  <form type="descendant">
                    <lang>Old High German</lang>
                    <orth>stoc</orth>
                    <form type="descendant">
                      <lang>Middle High German</lang>
                      <orth>stoc</orth>
                      <form type="descendant">
                        <lang>Central Franconian</lang>
                        <orth>Stock</orth>
                      </form>
                      <form type="descendant">
                        <lang>German</lang>
                        <orth>Stock</orth>
                      </form>
                      <form type="descendant">
                        <lang>Luxembourgish</lang>
                        <orth>Stack</orth>
                      </form>
                    </form>
                  </form>
                </form>
              </item>
              <item>
                <form type="descendant">
                  <lang>Proto-West Germanic</lang>
                  <orth>*stokk</orth>
                  <form type="descendant">
                    <lang>Old Saxon</lang>
                    <orth>stokk</orth>
                    <form type="descendant">
                      <lang>Middle Low German</lang>
                      <orth>stok</orth>
                      <form type="descendant">
                        <lang>German Low German</lang>
                        <orth>Stock</orth>
                      </form>
                    </form>
                  </form>
                </form>
              </item>
              <item>
                <form type="descendant">
                  <lang>Old Norse</lang>
                  <orth>stokkr</orth>
                  <form type="descendant">
                    <lang>Danish</lang>
                    <orth>stok</orth>
                  </form>
                  <form type="descendant">
                    <lang>Faroese</lang>
                    <orth>stokkur</orth>
                  </form>
                  <form type="descendant">
                    <lang>Icelandic</lang>
                    <orth>stokkur</orth>
                  </form>
                  <form type="descendant">
                    <lang>Northern Sami</lang>
                    <orth>stohkka</orth>
                  </form>
                  <form type="descendant">
                    <lang>Norwegian</lang>
                    <orth>stokk</orth>
                  </form>
                  <form type="descendant">
                    <lang>Southern Sami</lang>
                    <orth>stuehkie</orth>
                  </form>
                </form>
              </item>
              <item>
                <form type="descendant">
                  <lang>Old Norse</lang>
                  <orth>stokkr</orth>
                  <form type="descendant">
                    <lang>Old Swedish</lang>
                    <orth>stokker</orth>
                    <form type="descendant">
                      <lang>Karelian</lang>
                      <orth>tukki</orth>
                    </form>
                    <form type="descendant">
                      <lang>Swedish</lang>
                      <orth>stock</orth>
                    </form>
                  </form>
                </form>
              </item>
              <item>
                <form type="descendant">
                  <lang>Old Norse</lang>
                  <orth>stokkr</orth>
                  <form type="descendant">
                    <lang>Old Swedish</lang>
                    <orth>stokker</orth>
                    <form type="descendant">
                      <lang>Finnish</lang>
                      <orth>tukki</orth>
                      <form type="descendant">
                        <lang>Inari Sami</lang>
                        <orth>tukki</orth>
                      </form>
                    </form>
                  </form>
                </form>
              </item>
              <item>
                <form type="descendant">
                  <lang>Proto-Celtic</lang>
                  <orth>*tsŭkk-</orth>
                  <form type="descendant">
                    <lang>Breton</lang>
                    <orth>soc’h</orth>
                  </form>
                  <form type="descendant">
                    <lang>Old Irish</lang>
                    <orth>tócht</orth>
                  </form>
                </form>
              </item>
              <item>
                <form type="descendant">
                  <lang>Proto-Celtic</lang>
                  <orth>*tsŭkk-</orth>
                  <form type="descendant">
                    <lang>Gaulish</lang>
                    <orth>*tsukka</orth>
                    <form type="descendant">
                      <lang>Vulgar Latin</lang>
                      <orth>*tsucca</orth>
                    </form>
                  </form>
                </form>
              </item>
            </list>
          </re>
        </entry>
      </div>
    </body>
  </text>
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