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    <fileDesc>
      <titleStmt>
        <title type="main">Wurdahuzdą: Proto-Germanic dictionary — *stukōną</title>
        <author>Scott K. Shay</author>
      </titleStmt>
      <publicationStmt>
        <publisher>Wardja Press</publisher>
        <date when="2026-10-02"/>
        <idno type="URL">https://protogermanic.org/pgmc_stukōną</idno>
      </publicationStmt>
      <sourceDesc>
        <p>Single-entry extract from the dictionary. Cross-references to other entries point to their identifiers in the full dictionary.</p>
      </sourceDesc>
    </fileDesc>
  </teiHeader>
  <text>
    <body>
      <list type="cognates">
        <item xml:id="cog_ine-x-proto_s_tewg" xml:lang="ine-x-proto" type="etymon">
          <orth>*(s)tewg-</orth>
        </item>
      </list>
      <div type="dictionary">
        <entry xml:id="pgmc_stukona" type="verb" corresp="https://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/Reconstruction:Proto-Germanic/stukōną">
          <form type="lemma">
            <orth>stukōną</orth>
            <pron notation="ipa">ˈstu.kɔː.nɑ̃</pron>
            <form type="runic">
              <orth>ᛊᛏᚢᚲᛟᚾᚨ</orth>
            </form>
          </form>
          <gramGrp>
            <pos>verb</pos>
            <gram type="class">Weak class 2</gram>
          </gramGrp>
          <sense n="1">
            <def>to push, to thrust</def>
          </sense>
          <etym>
            <seg type="p">From Proto-Indo-European <mentioned xml:lang="ine-x-proto" target="#cog_ine-x-proto_s_tewg"><ref target="#cog_ine-x-proto_s_tewg">*(s)tewg-</ref></mentioned> (‘to beat, push’).</seg>
          </etym>
          <re type="paradigm">
            <form type="inflected" ana="#pres #ind #act #p1 #sg">
              <orth>stukō</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#pres #subj #act #p1 #sg">
              <orth>stukǭ</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#pres #ind #pass #p1 #sg">
              <orth>stukōi</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#pres #ind #act #p2 #sg">
              <orth>stukōsi</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#pres #subj #act #p2 #sg">
              <orth>stukōs</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#pres #imper #act #p2 #sg">
              <orth>stukō</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#pres #ind #pass #p2 #sg">
              <orth>stukōsai</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#pres #subj #pass #p2 #sg">
              <orth>stukōsau</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#pres #ind #act #p3 #sg">
              <orth>stukōþi</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#pres #subj #act #p3 #sg">
              <orth>stukō</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#pres #imper #act #p3 #sg">
              <orth>stukōþau</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#pres #ind #pass #p3 #sg">
              <orth>stukōþai</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#pres #subj #pass #p3 #sg">
              <orth>stukōþau</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#pres #ind #act #p1 #du">
              <orth>stukōs</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#pres #subj #act #p1 #du">
              <orth>stukōw</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#pres #ind #act #p2 #du">
              <orth>stukōþiz</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#pres #subj #act #p2 #du">
              <orth>stukōþiz</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#pres #imper #act #p2 #du">
              <orth>stukōþiz</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#pres #ind #act #p1 #pl">
              <orth>stukōmaz</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#pres #subj #act #p1 #pl">
              <orth>stukōm</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#pres #ind #pass #p1 #pl">
              <orth>stukōnþai</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#pres #subj #pass #p1 #pl">
              <orth>stukōnþau</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#pres #ind #act #p2 #pl">
              <orth>stukōþ</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#pres #subj #act #p2 #pl">
              <orth>stukōþ</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#pres #imper #act #p2 #pl">
              <orth>stukōþ</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#pres #ind #pass #p2 #pl">
              <orth>stukōnþai</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#pres #subj #pass #p2 #pl">
              <orth>stukōnþau</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#pres #ind #act #p3 #pl">
              <orth>stukōnþi</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#pres #subj #act #p3 #pl">
              <orth>stukōn</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#pres #imper #act #p3 #pl">
              <orth>stukōnþau</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#pres #ind #pass #p3 #pl">
              <orth>stukōnþai</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#pres #subj #pass #p3 #pl">
              <orth>stukōnþau</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#past #ind #p1 #sg">
              <orth>stukōdǭ</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#past #subj #p1 #sg">
              <orth>stukōdēdį̄</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#past #ind #p2 #sg">
              <orth>stukōdēz</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#past #subj #p2 #sg">
              <orth>stukōdēdīz</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#past #ind #p3 #sg">
              <orth>stukōdē</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#past #subj #p3 #sg">
              <orth>stukōdēdī</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#past #ind #p1 #du">
              <orth>stukōdēdū</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#past #subj #p1 #du">
              <orth>stukōdēdīw</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#past #ind #p2 #du">
              <orth>stukōdēdudiz</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#past #subj #p2 #du">
              <orth>stukōdēdīdiz</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#past #ind #p1 #pl">
              <orth>stukōdēdum</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#past #subj #p1 #pl">
              <orth>stukōdēdīm</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#past #ind #p2 #pl">
              <orth>stukōdēdud</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#past #subj #p2 #pl">
              <orth>stukōdēdīd</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#past #ind #p3 #pl">
              <orth>stukōdēdun</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#past #subj #p3 #pl">
              <orth>stukōdēdīn</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="participle" subtype="present">
              <orth>stukōndz</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="participle" subtype="past">
              <orth>stukōdaz</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="infinitive">
              <orth>stukōną</orth>
            </form>
          </re>
          <re type="descendants">
            <list>
              <item>
                <form type="descendant">
                  <lang>Proto-West Germanic</lang>
                  <orth>*stokōn</orth>
                  <form type="descendant">
                    <lang>Old Dutch</lang>
                    <orth>*stokon</orth>
                    <form type="descendant">
                      <lang>Middle Dutch</lang>
                      <orth>stōken</orth>
                      <form type="descendant">
                        <lang>Dutch</lang>
                        <orth>stoken</orth>
                        <form type="descendant">
                          <lang>Afrikaans</lang>
                          <orth>stook</orth>
                        </form>
                      </form>
                    </form>
                  </form>
                </form>
              </item>
              <item>
                <form type="descendant">
                  <lang>Proto-West Germanic</lang>
                  <orth>*stokōn</orth>
                  <form type="descendant">
                    <lang>Old Dutch</lang>
                    <orth>*stokon</orth>
                    <form type="descendant">
                      <lang>Middle Dutch</lang>
                      <orth>stōken</orth>
                      <form type="descendant">
                        <lang>Old French</lang>
                        <orth>estoquer, estochier</orth>
                        <form type="descendant">
                          <lang>Middle French</lang>
                          <orth>estoquer</orth>
                          <form type="descendant">
                            <lang>French</lang>
                            <orth>estoquer</orth>
                          </form>
                          <form type="descendant">
                            <lang>Spanish</lang>
                            <orth>estoquear</orth>
                          </form>
                        </form>
                      </form>
                    </form>
                  </form>
                </form>
              </item>
              <item>
                <form type="descendant">
                  <lang>Proto-West Germanic</lang>
                  <orth>*stokōn</orth>
                  <form type="descendant">
                    <lang>Old English</lang>
                    <orth>*stocian</orth>
                    <form type="descendant">
                      <lang>Middle English</lang>
                      <orth>stoken</orth>
                      <form type="descendant">
                        <lang>English</lang>
                        <orth>stoke</orth>
                      </form>
                    </form>
                  </form>
                </form>
              </item>
              <item>
                <form type="descendant">
                  <lang>Proto-West Germanic</lang>
                  <orth>*stokōn</orth>
                  <form type="descendant">
                    <lang>Old High German</lang>
                    <orth>*stohhōn</orth>
                    <form type="descendant">
                      <lang>Middle High German</lang>
                      <orth>*stochen</orth>
                      <form type="descendant">
                        <lang>German</lang>
                        <orth>stochen</orth>
                        <form type="descendant">
                          <lang>German</lang>
                          <orth>stochern</orth>
                        </form>
                      </form>
                    </form>
                  </form>
                </form>
              </item>
              <item>
                <form type="descendant">
                  <lang>Proto-West Germanic</lang>
                  <orth>*stokōn</orth>
                  <form type="descendant">
                    <lang>Old Saxon</lang>
                    <orth>*stokon</orth>
                    <form type="descendant">
                      <lang>Middle Low German</lang>
                      <orth>stōken, stȫken, stöcken</orth>
                      <form type="descendant">
                        <lang>German Low German</lang>
                        <orth>stökeln, stökern</orth>
                      </form>
                    </form>
                  </form>
                </form>
              </item>
              <item>
                <form type="descendant">
                  <lang>Old Norse</lang>
                  <orth>*stoka</orth>
                  <form type="descendant">
                    <lang>Norwegian Nynorsk</lang>
                    <orth>stauka</orth>
                  </form>
                </form>
              </item>
            </list>
          </re>
        </entry>
      </div>
    </body>
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