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  <teiHeader>
    <fileDesc>
      <titleStmt>
        <title type="main">Wurdahuzdą: Proto-Germanic dictionary — *stummaz</title>
        <author>Scott K. Shay</author>
      </titleStmt>
      <publicationStmt>
        <publisher>Wardja Press</publisher>
        <date when="2026-10-02"/>
        <idno type="URL">https://protogermanic.org/pgmc_stummaz</idno>
      </publicationStmt>
      <sourceDesc>
        <p>Single-entry extract from the dictionary. Cross-references to other entries point to their identifiers in the full dictionary.</p>
      </sourceDesc>
    </fileDesc>
  </teiHeader>
  <text>
    <body>
      <list type="cognates">
        <item xml:id="cog_ine-x-proto_stemh" xml:lang="ine-x-proto" type="etymon">
          <orth>*stemH-</orth>
          <def>to stop up, push</def>
        </item>
      </list>
      <div type="dictionary">
        <entry xml:id="pgmc_stummaz" type="adj" corresp="https://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/Reconstruction:Proto-Germanic/stummaz">
          <form type="lemma">
            <orth>stummaz</orth>
            <pron notation="ipa">ˈstum.mɑz</pron>
            <form type="runic">
              <orth>ᛊᛏᚢᛗᚨᛉ</orth>
            </form>
          </form>
          <gramGrp>
            <pos>adj</pos>
            <gram type="stem">a-stem</gram>
          </gramGrp>
          <sense n="1">
            <def>mute</def>
          </sense>
          <etym>
            <seg type="p">From Pre-Germanic *stm̥Hnós, from Proto-Indo-European <mentioned xml:lang="ine-x-proto" target="#cog_ine-x-proto_stemh"><ref target="#cog_ine-x-proto_stemh">*stemH-</ref></mentioned> (‘to push, inhibit, stutter, stammer’); see *stammaz (‘stammering’) for more.</seg>
          </etym>
          <re type="paradigm">
            <form type="inflected" ana="#sg #nom #masc #strong">
              <orth>stummaz</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#sg #nom #fem #strong">
              <orth>stummō</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#sg #nom #neut #strong">
              <orth>stummą, -atō</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#pl #nom #masc #strong">
              <orth>stummai</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#pl #nom #fem #strong">
              <orth>stummôz</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#pl #nom #neut #strong">
              <orth>stummō</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#sg #acc #masc #strong">
              <orth>stummanǭ</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#sg #acc #fem #strong">
              <orth>stummǭ</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#sg #acc #neut #strong">
              <orth>stummą, -atō</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#pl #acc #masc #strong">
              <orth>stummanz</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#pl #acc #fem #strong">
              <orth>stummōz</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#pl #acc #neut #strong">
              <orth>stummō</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#sg #gen #masc #strong">
              <orth>stummas, -is</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#sg #gen #fem #strong">
              <orth>stummaizōz</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#sg #gen #neut #strong">
              <orth>stummas, -is</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#pl #gen #masc #strong">
              <orth>stummaizǫ̂</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#pl #gen #fem #strong">
              <orth>stummaizǫ̂</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#pl #gen #neut #strong">
              <orth>stummaizǫ̂</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#sg #dat #masc #strong">
              <orth>stummammai</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#sg #dat #fem #strong">
              <orth>stummaizōi</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#sg #dat #neut #strong">
              <orth>stummammai</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#pl #dat #masc #strong">
              <orth>stummaimaz</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#pl #dat #fem #strong">
              <orth>stummaimaz</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#pl #dat #neut #strong">
              <orth>stummaimaz</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#sg #instr #masc #strong">
              <orth>stummanō</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#sg #instr #fem #strong">
              <orth>stummaizō</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#sg #instr #neut #strong">
              <orth>stummanō</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#pl #instr #masc #strong">
              <orth>stummaimiz</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#pl #instr #fem #strong">
              <orth>stummaimiz</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#pl #instr #neut #strong">
              <orth>stummaimiz</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#sg #nom #masc #weak">
              <orth>stummô</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#sg #nom #fem #weak">
              <orth>stummǭ</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#sg #nom #neut #weak">
              <orth>stummô</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#pl #nom #masc #weak">
              <orth>stummaniz</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#pl #nom #fem #weak">
              <orth>stummōniz</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#pl #nom #neut #weak">
              <orth>stummōnō</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#sg #acc #masc #weak">
              <orth>stummanų</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#sg #acc #fem #weak">
              <orth>stummōnų</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#sg #acc #neut #weak">
              <orth>stummô</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#pl #acc #masc #weak">
              <orth>stummanunz</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#pl #acc #fem #weak">
              <orth>stummōnunz</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#pl #acc #neut #weak">
              <orth>stummōnō</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#sg #gen #masc #weak">
              <orth>stumminiz</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#sg #gen #fem #weak">
              <orth>stummōniz</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#sg #gen #neut #weak">
              <orth>stumminiz</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#pl #gen #masc #weak">
              <orth>stummanǫ̂</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#pl #gen #fem #weak">
              <orth>stummōnǫ̂</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#pl #gen #neut #weak">
              <orth>stummanǫ̂</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#sg #dat #masc #weak">
              <orth>stummini</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#sg #dat #fem #weak">
              <orth>stummōni</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#sg #dat #neut #weak">
              <orth>stummini</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#pl #dat #masc #weak">
              <orth>stummammaz</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#pl #dat #fem #weak">
              <orth>stummōmaz</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#pl #dat #neut #weak">
              <orth>stummammaz</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#sg #instr #masc #weak">
              <orth>stumminē</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#sg #instr #fem #weak">
              <orth>stummōnē</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#sg #instr #neut #weak">
              <orth>stumminē</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#pl #instr #masc #weak">
              <orth>stummammiz</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#pl #instr #fem #weak">
              <orth>stummōmiz</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#pl #instr #neut #weak">
              <orth>stummammiz</orth>
            </form>
          </re>
          <re type="descendants">
            <list>
              <item>
                <form type="descendant">
                  <lang>Proto-West Germanic</lang>
                  <orth>*stumm</orth>
                  <form type="descendant">
                    <lang>Old Dutch</lang>
                    <orth>*stumm</orth>
                    <form type="descendant">
                      <lang>Middle Dutch</lang>
                      <orth>stomm, stom</orth>
                      <form type="descendant">
                        <lang>West Flemish</lang>
                        <orth>stum</orth>
                      </form>
                    </form>
                  </form>
                </form>
              </item>
              <item>
                <form type="descendant">
                  <lang>Proto-West Germanic</lang>
                  <orth>*stumm</orth>
                  <form type="descendant">
                    <lang>Old Dutch</lang>
                    <orth>*stumm</orth>
                    <form type="descendant">
                      <lang>Middle Dutch</lang>
                      <orth>stomm, stom</orth>
                      <form type="descendant">
                        <lang>Dutch</lang>
                        <orth>stom</orth>
                        <form type="descendant">
                          <lang>Berbice Creole Dutch</lang>
                          <orth>stom</orth>
                        </form>
                        <form type="descendant">
                          <lang>English</lang>
                          <orth>stum, stoom</orth>
                        </form>
                        <form type="descendant">
                          <lang>Negerhollands</lang>
                          <orth>stom</orth>
                        </form>
                        <form type="descendant">
                          <lang>Papiamentu</lang>
                          <orth>stom</orth>
                        </form>
                      </form>
                    </form>
                  </form>
                </form>
              </item>
              <item>
                <form type="descendant">
                  <lang>Proto-West Germanic</lang>
                  <orth>*stumm</orth>
                  <form type="descendant">
                    <lang>Old Frisian</lang>
                    <orth>stumm, stum</orth>
                    <form type="descendant">
                      <lang>North Frisian</lang>
                      <orth>stomm, stamm</orth>
                    </form>
                    <form type="descendant">
                      <lang>Saterland Frisian</lang>
                      <orth>stum</orth>
                    </form>
                    <form type="descendant">
                      <lang>West Frisian</lang>
                      <orth>stom</orth>
                    </form>
                  </form>
                </form>
              </item>
              <item>
                <form type="descendant">
                  <lang>Proto-West Germanic</lang>
                  <orth>*stumm</orth>
                  <form type="descendant">
                    <lang>Old High German</lang>
                    <orth>stumm, stumb, stum</orth>
                    <form type="descendant">
                      <lang>Middle High German</lang>
                      <orth>stum</orth>
                      <form type="descendant">
                        <lang>German</lang>
                        <orth>stumm</orth>
                      </form>
                      <form type="descendant">
                        <lang>Luxembourgish</lang>
                        <orth>stomm</orth>
                      </form>
                    </form>
                  </form>
                </form>
              </item>
              <item>
                <form type="descendant">
                  <lang>Proto-West Germanic</lang>
                  <orth>*stumm</orth>
                  <form type="descendant">
                    <lang>Old High German</lang>
                    <orth>stumm, stumb, stum</orth>
                    <form type="descendant">
                      <lang>Middle High German</lang>
                      <orth>stum</orth>
                      <form type="descendant">
                        <lang>Yiddish</lang>
                        <orth>שטום (shtum)</orth>
                        <form type="descendant">
                          <lang>English</lang>
                          <orth>shtum</orth>
                        </form>
                      </form>
                    </form>
                  </form>
                </form>
              </item>
              <item>
                <form type="descendant">
                  <lang>Proto-West Germanic</lang>
                  <orth>*stumm</orth>
                  <form type="descendant">
                    <lang>Old Saxon</lang>
                    <orth>stumm, stum</orth>
                    <form type="descendant">
                      <lang>Middle Low German</lang>
                      <orth>stum</orth>
                      <form type="descendant">
                        <lang>Low German</lang>
                        <orth>stumm</orth>
                      </form>
                      <form type="descendant">
                        <lang>Plautdietsch</lang>
                        <orth>stomm</orth>
                      </form>
                      <form type="descendant">
                        <lang>Swedish</lang>
                        <orth>stum</orth>
                      </form>
                    </form>
                  </form>
                </form>
              </item>
            </list>
          </re>
        </entry>
      </div>
    </body>
  </text>
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