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  <teiHeader>
    <fileDesc>
      <titleStmt>
        <title type="main">Wurdahuzdą: Proto-Germanic dictionary — *stundō</title>
        <author>Scott K. Shay</author>
      </titleStmt>
      <publicationStmt>
        <publisher>Wardja Press</publisher>
        <date when="2026-10-01"/>
        <idno type="URL">https://protogermanic.org/pgmc_stundō</idno>
      </publicationStmt>
      <sourceDesc>
        <p>Single-entry extract from the dictionary. Cross-references to other entries point to their identifiers in the full dictionary.</p>
      </sourceDesc>
    </fileDesc>
  </teiHeader>
  <text>
    <body>
      <div type="dictionary">
        <entry xml:id="pgmc_stundo" type="noun" corresp="https://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/Reconstruction:Proto-Germanic/stundō">
          <form type="lemma">
            <orth>stundō</orth>
            <pron notation="ipa">ˈstun.dɔː</pron>
            <form type="runic">
              <orth>ᛊᛏᚢᚾᛞᛟ</orth>
            </form>
          </form>
          <gramGrp>
            <pos>noun</pos>
            <gram type="gender">feminine</gram>
            <gram type="stem">ō-stem</gram>
          </gramGrp>
          <sense n="1">
            <def>mark, marker</def>
          </sense>
          <sense n="2">
            <def>point in time</def>
          </sense>
          <sense n="3">
            <def>period of time</def>
          </sense>
          <etym>
            <seg type="p">A nominal zero-grade derivative of *standaną (‘to stand’).</seg>
          </etym>
          <re type="paradigm">
            <form type="inflected" ana="#sg #nom">
              <orth>stundō</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#pl #nom">
              <orth>stundôz</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#sg #acc">
              <orth>stundǭ</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#pl #acc">
              <orth>stundōz</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#sg #gen">
              <orth>stundōz</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#pl #gen">
              <orth>stundǫ̂</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#sg #dat">
              <orth>stundōi</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#pl #dat">
              <orth>stundōmaz</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#sg #instr">
              <orth>stundō</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#pl #instr">
              <orth>stundōmiz</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#sg #voc">
              <orth>stundō</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#pl #voc">
              <orth>stundôz</orth>
            </form>
          </re>
          <re type="descendants">
            <list>
              <item>
                <form type="descendant">
                  <lang>Proto-West Germanic</lang>
                  <orth>*stundu</orth>
                  <form type="descendant">
                    <lang>Old Dutch</lang>
                    <orth>stunda</orth>
                    <form type="descendant">
                      <lang>Middle Dutch</lang>
                      <orth>stonde, stont</orth>
                      <form type="descendant">
                        <lang>Dutch</lang>
                        <orth>stond</orth>
                        <form type="descendant">
                          <lang>Afrikaans</lang>
                          <orth>stonde</orth>
                        </form>
                      </form>
                    </form>
                  </form>
                </form>
              </item>
              <item>
                <form type="descendant">
                  <lang>Proto-West Germanic</lang>
                  <orth>*stundu</orth>
                  <form type="descendant">
                    <lang>Old English</lang>
                    <orth>stund</orth>
                    <form type="descendant">
                      <lang>Middle English</lang>
                      <orth>stound, stounde, stond</orth>
                      <form type="descendant">
                        <lang>English</lang>
                        <orth>stound</orth>
                      </form>
                      <form type="descendant">
                        <lang>Scots</lang>
                        <orth>stound, stownd</orth>
                      </form>
                    </form>
                  </form>
                </form>
              </item>
              <item>
                <form type="descendant">
                  <lang>Proto-West Germanic</lang>
                  <orth>*stundu</orth>
                  <form type="descendant">
                    <lang>Old Frisian</lang>
                    <orth>stunde, stund</orth>
                    <form type="descendant">
                      <lang>North Frisian</lang>
                      <orth>stuwn</orth>
                    </form>
                    <form type="descendant">
                      <lang>West Frisian</lang>
                      <orth>stûne</orth>
                    </form>
                  </form>
                </form>
              </item>
              <item>
                <form type="descendant">
                  <lang>Proto-West Germanic</lang>
                  <orth>*stundu</orth>
                  <form type="descendant">
                    <lang>Old Frisian</lang>
                    <orth>stunde, stund</orth>
                    <form type="descendant">
                      <lang>Saterland Frisian</lang>
                      <orth>Stuunde, Stúunde</orth>
                      <form type="descendant">
                        <lang>Saterland Frisian</lang>
                        <orth>stuuns</orth>
                      </form>
                    </form>
                  </form>
                </form>
              </item>
              <item>
                <form type="descendant">
                  <lang>Proto-West Germanic</lang>
                  <orth>*stundu</orth>
                  <form type="descendant">
                    <lang>Old High German</lang>
                    <orth>stunta, stunt</orth>
                    <form type="descendant">
                      <lang>Middle High German</lang>
                      <orth>stunde, stunt</orth>
                      <form type="descendant">
                        <lang>Alemannic German</lang>
                        <orth>Schtund, Stund</orth>
                      </form>
                      <form type="descendant">
                        <lang>Bavarian</lang>
                        <orth>Stund</orth>
                      </form>
                      <form type="descendant">
                        <lang>Hunsrik</lang>
                        <orth>Stunn</orth>
                      </form>
                      <form type="descendant">
                        <lang>Yiddish</lang>
                        <orth>שטונד (shtund)</orth>
                      </form>
                    </form>
                  </form>
                </form>
              </item>
              <item>
                <form type="descendant">
                  <lang>Proto-West Germanic</lang>
                  <orth>*stundu</orth>
                  <form type="descendant">
                    <lang>Old High German</lang>
                    <orth>stunta, stunt</orth>
                    <form type="descendant">
                      <lang>Middle High German</lang>
                      <orth>stunde, stunt</orth>
                      <form type="descendant">
                        <lang>German</lang>
                        <orth>Stunde</orth>
                        <form type="descendant">
                          <lang>Kashubian</lang>
                          <orth>sztënia</orth>
                        </form>
                        <form type="descendant">
                          <lang>Latvian</lang>
                          <orth>stunda</orth>
                        </form>
                        <form type="descendant">
                          <lang>Lower Sorbian</lang>
                          <orth>štunda</orth>
                        </form>
                        <form type="descendant">
                          <lang>Slovincian</lang>
                          <orth>sztënja</orth>
                        </form>
                        <form type="descendant">
                          <lang>Yiddish</lang>
                          <orth>שטונדע (shtunde)</orth>
                        </form>
                      </form>
                    </form>
                  </form>
                </form>
              </item>
              <item>
                <form type="descendant">
                  <lang>Proto-West Germanic</lang>
                  <orth>*stundu</orth>
                  <form type="descendant">
                    <lang>Old Saxon</lang>
                    <orth>stunda</orth>
                    <form type="descendant">
                      <lang>Middle Low German</lang>
                      <orth>stunde</orth>
                      <form type="descendant">
                        <lang>Low German</lang>
                        <orth>Stund, Stunn, Stunne, Stunde, Stünn, Stünne, Stünde</orth>
                        <form type="descendant">
                          <lang>German Low German</lang>
                          <orth>Stunn, Stünne, Stünn</orth>
                        </form>
                      </form>
                    </form>
                  </form>
                </form>
              </item>
              <item>
                <form type="descendant">
                  <lang>Old Norse</lang>
                  <orth>stund</orth>
                  <form type="descendant">
                    <lang>Danish</lang>
                    <orth>stund</orth>
                  </form>
                  <form type="descendant">
                    <lang>Faroese</lang>
                    <orth>stund</orth>
                  </form>
                  <form type="descendant">
                    <lang>Icelandic</lang>
                    <orth>stund</orth>
                  </form>
                  <form type="descendant">
                    <lang>Norwegian Bokmål</lang>
                    <orth>stund</orth>
                  </form>
                  <form type="descendant">
                    <lang>Norwegian Nynorsk</lang>
                    <orth>stund</orth>
                  </form>
                </form>
              </item>
              <item>
                <form type="descendant">
                  <lang>Old Norse</lang>
                  <orth>stund</orth>
                  <form type="descendant">
                    <lang>Old Swedish</lang>
                    <orth>stund</orth>
                    <form type="descendant">
                      <lang>Finnish</lang>
                      <orth>tunti</orth>
                    </form>
                    <form type="descendant">
                      <lang>Swedish</lang>
                      <orth>stund</orth>
                    </form>
                  </form>
                </form>
              </item>
              <item>
                <form type="descendant">
                  <lang>Gothic</lang>
                  <orth>*𐍃𐍄𐌿𐌽𐌳𐌰 (*stunda)</orth>
                  <form type="descendant">
                    <lang>Vulgar Latin</lang>
                    <orth>*stunda</orth>
                    <form type="descendant">
                      <lang>Catalan</lang>
                      <orth>estona</orth>
                    </form>
                    <form type="descendant">
                      <lang>Corsican</lang>
                      <orth>stonda</orth>
                    </form>
                    <form type="descendant">
                      <lang>Italian</lang>
                      <orth>stonda</orth>
                    </form>
                    <form type="descendant">
                      <lang>Old French</lang>
                      <orth>estondee, ètondée</orth>
                    </form>
                    <form type="descendant">
                      <lang>Sardinian</lang>
                      <orth>istunda, stunda</orth>
                    </form>
                  </form>
                </form>
              </item>
            </list>
          </re>
        </entry>
      </div>
    </body>
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