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    <fileDesc>
      <titleStmt>
        <title type="main">Wurdahuzdą: Proto-Germanic dictionary — *sturnāną</title>
        <author>Scott K. Shay</author>
      </titleStmt>
      <publicationStmt>
        <publisher>Wardja Press</publisher>
        <date when="2026-10-01"/>
        <idno type="URL">https://protogermanic.org/pgmc_sturnāną</idno>
      </publicationStmt>
      <sourceDesc>
        <p>Single-entry extract from the dictionary. Cross-references to other entries point to their identifiers in the full dictionary.</p>
      </sourceDesc>
    </fileDesc>
  </teiHeader>
  <text>
    <body>
      <list type="cognates">
        <item xml:id="cog_ine-x-proto_sterh1" xml:lang="ine-x-proto" type="etymon">
          <orth>*sterh₁-</orth>
          <def>to be stiff</def>
        </item>
      </list>
      <div type="dictionary">
        <entry xml:id="pgmc_sturnana" type="verb" corresp="https://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/Reconstruction:Proto-Germanic/sturnāną">
          <form type="lemma">
            <orth>sturnāną</orth>
            <pron notation="ipa">ˈstur.nɑː.nɑ̃</pron>
            <form type="runic">
              <orth>ᛊᛏᚢᚱᚾᚨᚾᚨ</orth>
            </form>
          </form>
          <gramGrp>
            <pos>verb</pos>
            <gram type="class">Weak class 3</gram>
          </gramGrp>
          <sense n="1">
            <def>to be stiff, be rigid</def>
          </sense>
          <sense n="2">
            <def>to stand out</def>
          </sense>
          <sense n="3">
            <def>to stare</def>
          </sense>
          <etym>
            <seg type="p">Kroonen suggests that this verb could be nasal infix present to Proto-Indo-European <mentioned xml:lang="ine-x-proto" target="#cog_ine-x-proto_sterh1"><ref target="#cog_ine-x-proto_sterh1">*sterh₁-</ref></mentioned> (‘to be stiff’).</seg>
            <seg type="p">The infix caused a consonant alternation in the root, the singular *str-néh₁-ti would result in a root with *sturr-.</seg>
            <seg type="p">Whereas the plural *str-nh₁-énti would result in a root with *sturn-.</seg>
          </etym>
          <re type="paradigm">
            <form type="inflected" ana="#pres #ind #act #p1 #sg">
              <orth>sturnō</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#pres #ind #act #p2 #sg">
              <orth>sturnaisi</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#pres #imper #act #p2 #sg">
              <orth>sturnai</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#pres #ind #pass #p2 #sg">
              <orth>sturnāsai</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#pres #ind #act #p3 #sg">
              <orth>sturnaiþi</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#pres #imper #act #p3 #sg">
              <orth>sturnāþau</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#pres #ind #pass #p3 #sg">
              <orth>sturnāþai</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#pres #ind #act #p1 #du">
              <orth>sturnōs</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#pres #ind #act #p2 #du">
              <orth>sturnāþiz</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#pres #imper #act #p2 #du">
              <orth>sturnāþiz</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#pres #ind #act #p1 #pl">
              <orth>sturnāmaz</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#pres #ind #pass #p1 #pl">
              <orth>sturnānþai</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#pres #ind #act #p2 #pl">
              <orth>sturnaiþ</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#pres #imper #act #p2 #pl">
              <orth>sturnaiþ</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#pres #ind #pass #p2 #pl">
              <orth>sturnānþai</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#pres #ind #act #p3 #pl">
              <orth>sturnānþi</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#pres #imper #act #p3 #pl">
              <orth>sturnānþau</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#pres #ind #pass #p3 #pl">
              <orth>sturnānþai</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#past #ind #p1 #sg">
              <orth>sturnadǭ</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#past #subj #p1 #sg">
              <orth>sturnadēdį̄</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#past #ind #p2 #sg">
              <orth>sturnadēz</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#past #subj #p2 #sg">
              <orth>sturnadēdīz</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#past #ind #p3 #sg">
              <orth>sturnadē</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#past #subj #p3 #sg">
              <orth>sturnadēdī</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#past #ind #p1 #du">
              <orth>sturnadēdū</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#past #subj #p1 #du">
              <orth>sturnadēdīw</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#past #ind #p2 #du">
              <orth>sturnadēdudiz</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#past #subj #p2 #du">
              <orth>sturnadēdīdiz</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#past #ind #p1 #pl">
              <orth>sturnadēdum</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#past #subj #p1 #pl">
              <orth>sturnadēdīm</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#past #ind #p2 #pl">
              <orth>sturnadēdud</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#past #subj #p2 #pl">
              <orth>sturnadēdīd</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#past #ind #p3 #pl">
              <orth>sturnadēdun</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#past #subj #p3 #pl">
              <orth>sturnadēdīn</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="participle" subtype="present">
              <orth>sturnāndz, sturrāndz</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="participle" subtype="past">
              <orth>sturnadaz, sturradaz</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="infinitive">
              <orth>sturnāną</orth>
            </form>
          </re>
          <re type="descendants">
            <list>
              <item>
                <form type="descendant">
                  <lang>Proto-West Germanic</lang>
                  <orth>*storrēn</orth>
                  <form type="descendant">
                    <lang>Old High German</lang>
                    <orth>storrēn, stornēn</orth>
                    <form type="descendant">
                      <lang>Middle High German</lang>
                      <orth>storren</orth>
                    </form>
                  </form>
                </form>
              </item>
              <item>
                <form type="descendant">
                  <lang>Proto-West Germanic</lang>
                  <orth>*stornēn</orth>
                  <form type="descendant">
                    <lang>Old High German</lang>
                    <orth>storrēn, stornēn</orth>
                    <form type="descendant">
                      <lang>Middle High German</lang>
                      <orth>storren</orth>
                    </form>
                  </form>
                </form>
              </item>
              <item>
                <form type="descendant">
                  <lang>Gothic</lang>
                  <orth>*𐍃𐍄𐌰𐌿𐍂𐍂𐌰𐌽 (*staurran)</orth>
                  <form type="descendant">
                    <lang>Gothic</lang>
                    <orth>𐌰𐌽𐌳𐍃𐍄𐌰𐌿𐍂𐍂𐌰𐌽 (andstaurran)</orth>
                  </form>
                </form>
              </item>
            </list>
          </re>
        </entry>
      </div>
    </body>
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