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    <fileDesc>
      <titleStmt>
        <title type="main">Wurdahuzdą: Proto-Germanic dictionary — *stāną</title>
        <author>Scott K. Shay</author>
      </titleStmt>
      <publicationStmt>
        <publisher>Wardja Press</publisher>
        <date when="2026-10-01"/>
        <idno type="URL">https://protogermanic.org/pgmc_stāną</idno>
      </publicationStmt>
      <sourceDesc>
        <p>Single-entry extract from the dictionary. Cross-references to other entries point to their identifiers in the full dictionary.</p>
      </sourceDesc>
    </fileDesc>
  </teiHeader>
  <text>
    <body>
      <div type="dictionary">
        <entry xml:id="pgmc_stana" type="verb" corresp="https://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/Reconstruction:Proto-Germanic/stāną">
          <form type="lemma">
            <orth>stāną</orth>
            <pron notation="ipa">ˈstɑː.nɑ̃</pron>
            <form type="runic">
              <orth>ᛊᛏᚨᚾᚨ</orth>
            </form>
          </form>
          <gramGrp>
            <pos>verb</pos>
            <gram type="class">Irregular</gram>
          </gramGrp>
          <sense n="1">
            <def>to stand</def>
          </sense>
          <etym>
            <seg type="p">The present stem derives from a Pre-Germanic j-present, *sth₂-yé/ó-, from Proto-Indo-European *steh₂-. Because it represents a formation known in Indo-European times, it may have been inherited.</seg>
            <seg type="p">The past stem derives from an innovated extended form of the root, Pre-Germanic perfect singular *stéh₂-t-, nonsingular *sth₂-t-´. The process that led to this extension is unknown, however.</seg>
          </etym>
          <re type="paradigm">
            <form type="inflected" ana="#pres #ind #act #p1 #sg">
              <orth>stō</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#pres #ind #act #p2 #sg">
              <orth>staisi</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#pres #imper #act #p2 #sg">
              <orth>stai</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#pres #ind #act #p3 #sg">
              <orth>staiþi</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#pres #imper #act #p3 #sg">
              <orth>stāþau</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#pres #ind #act #p1 #du">
              <orth>stōs</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#pres #ind #act #p2 #du">
              <orth>stāþiz</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#pres #imper #act #p2 #du">
              <orth>stāþiz</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#pres #ind #act #p1 #pl">
              <orth>stāmaz</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#pres #ind #act #p2 #pl">
              <orth>staiþ</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#pres #imper #act #p2 #pl">
              <orth>staiþ</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#pres #ind #act #p3 #pl">
              <orth>stānþi</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#pres #imper #act #p3 #pl">
              <orth>stānþau</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#past #ind #p1 #sg">
              <orth>stōþ</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#past #subj #p1 #sg">
              <orth>stōdį̄</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#past #ind #p2 #sg">
              <orth>stōst</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#past #subj #p2 #sg">
              <orth>stōdīz</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#past #ind #p3 #sg">
              <orth>stōþ</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#past #subj #p3 #sg">
              <orth>stōdī</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#past #ind #p1 #du">
              <orth>stōdū</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#past #subj #p1 #du">
              <orth>stōdīw</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#past #ind #p2 #du">
              <orth>stōdudiz</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#past #subj #p2 #du">
              <orth>stōdīdiz</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#past #ind #p1 #pl">
              <orth>stōdum</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#past #subj #p1 #pl">
              <orth>stōdīm</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#past #ind #p2 #pl">
              <orth>stōdud</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#past #subj #p2 #pl">
              <orth>stōdīd</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#past #ind #p3 #pl">
              <orth>stōdun</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#past #subj #p3 #pl">
              <orth>stōdīn</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="participle" subtype="present">
              <orth>stāndz</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="participle" subtype="past">
              <orth>stadanaz</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="infinitive">
              <orth>stāną</orth>
            </form>
          </re>
          <re type="descendants">
            <list>
              <item>
                <form type="descendant">
                  <lang>Proto-West Germanic</lang>
                  <orth>*stān</orth>
                  <form type="descendant">
                    <lang>Old Dutch</lang>
                    <orth>stān</orth>
                    <form type="descendant">
                      <lang>Middle Dutch</lang>
                      <orth>stâen</orth>
                      <form type="descendant">
                        <lang>Limburgish</lang>
                        <orth>staon</orth>
                      </form>
                    </form>
                  </form>
                </form>
              </item>
              <item>
                <form type="descendant">
                  <lang>Proto-West Germanic</lang>
                  <orth>*stān</orth>
                  <form type="descendant">
                    <lang>Old Dutch</lang>
                    <orth>stān</orth>
                    <form type="descendant">
                      <lang>Middle Dutch</lang>
                      <orth>stâen</orth>
                      <form type="descendant">
                        <lang>Dutch</lang>
                        <orth>staan</orth>
                        <form type="descendant">
                          <lang>Afrikaans</lang>
                          <orth>staan</orth>
                        </form>
                        <form type="descendant">
                          <lang>Berbice Creole Dutch</lang>
                          <orth>tan</orth>
                        </form>
                        <form type="descendant">
                          <lang>Biak</lang>
                          <orth>vestan</orth>
                        </form>
                        <form type="descendant">
                          <lang>Jersey Dutch</lang>
                          <orth>stân</orth>
                        </form>
                        <form type="descendant">
                          <lang>Negerhollands</lang>
                          <orth>staan, tan</orth>
                        </form>
                      </form>
                    </form>
                  </form>
                </form>
              </item>
              <item>
                <form type="descendant">
                  <lang>Proto-West Germanic</lang>
                  <orth>*stān</orth>
                  <form type="descendant">
                    <lang>Old Frisian</lang>
                    <orth>stān</orth>
                    <form type="descendant">
                      <lang>West Frisian</lang>
                      <orth>stean</orth>
                    </form>
                  </form>
                </form>
              </item>
              <item>
                <form type="descendant">
                  <lang>Proto-West Germanic</lang>
                  <orth>*stān</orth>
                  <form type="descendant">
                    <lang>Old High German</lang>
                    <orth>stān, stēn</orth>
                    <form type="descendant">
                      <lang>Middle High German</lang>
                      <orth>stān, stēn</orth>
                      <form type="descendant">
                        <lang>Alemannic German</lang>
                        <orth>staa, schtaa</orth>
                      </form>
                      <form type="descendant">
                        <lang>Bavarian</lang>
                        <orth>?</orth>
                      </form>
                      <form type="descendant">
                        <lang>Central Franconian</lang>
                        <orth>stohn, stonn, stiehn</orth>
                      </form>
                      <form type="descendant">
                        <lang>German</lang>
                        <orth>stehen</orth>
                      </form>
                      <form type="descendant">
                        <lang>Rhine Franconian</lang>
                        <orth>stehn</orth>
                      </form>
                      <form type="descendant">
                        <lang>Vilamovian</lang>
                        <orth>śtejn</orth>
                      </form>
                      <form type="descendant">
                        <lang>Yiddish</lang>
                        <orth>שטיין (shteyn)</orth>
                      </form>
                    </form>
                  </form>
                </form>
              </item>
              <item>
                <form type="descendant">
                  <lang>Proto-West Germanic</lang>
                  <orth>*stān</orth>
                  <form type="descendant">
                    <lang>Old Saxon</lang>
                    <orth>stān</orth>
                    <form type="descendant">
                      <lang>Middle Low German</lang>
                      <orth>stān</orth>
                      <form type="descendant">
                        <lang>German Low German</lang>
                        <orth>stahn</orth>
                      </form>
                    </form>
                  </form>
                </form>
              </item>
              <item>
                <form type="descendant">
                  <lang>Old Norse</lang>
                  <orth>*stá</orth>
                  <form type="descendant">
                    <lang>Danish</lang>
                    <orth>stå</orth>
                  </form>
                  <form type="descendant">
                    <lang>Faroese</lang>
                    <orth>stá</orth>
                  </form>
                </form>
              </item>
              <item>
                <form type="descendant">
                  <lang>Old Norse</lang>
                  <orth>*stá</orth>
                  <form type="descendant">
                    <lang>Norwegian</lang>
                    <orth>?</orth>
                    <form type="descendant">
                      <lang>Norwegian Bokmål</lang>
                      <orth>stå</orth>
                    </form>
                    <form type="descendant">
                      <lang>Norwegian Nynorsk</lang>
                      <orth>stå</orth>
                    </form>
                  </form>
                </form>
              </item>
              <item>
                <form type="descendant">
                  <lang>Old Norse</lang>
                  <orth>*stá</orth>
                  <form type="descendant">
                    <lang>Old Swedish</lang>
                    <orth>stā</orth>
                    <form type="descendant">
                      <lang>Swedish</lang>
                      <orth>stå</orth>
                    </form>
                  </form>
                </form>
              </item>
              <item>
                <form type="descendant">
                  <lang>Proto-Finnic</lang>
                  <orth>*soora</orth>
                </form>
              </item>
            </list>
          </re>
        </entry>
      </div>
    </body>
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