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  <teiHeader>
    <fileDesc>
      <titleStmt>
        <title type="main">Wurdahuzdą: Proto-Germanic dictionary — *stīrāną</title>
        <author>Scott K. Shay</author>
      </titleStmt>
      <publicationStmt>
        <publisher>Wardja Press</publisher>
        <date when="2026-10-02"/>
        <idno type="URL">https://protogermanic.org/pgmc_stīrāną</idno>
      </publicationStmt>
      <sourceDesc>
        <p>Single-entry extract from the dictionary. Cross-references to other entries point to their identifiers in the full dictionary.</p>
      </sourceDesc>
    </fileDesc>
  </teiHeader>
  <text>
    <body>
      <div type="dictionary">
        <entry xml:id="pgmc_stirana" type="verb" corresp="https://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/Reconstruction:Proto-Germanic/stīrāną">
          <form type="lemma">
            <orth>stīrāną</orth>
            <pron notation="ipa">ˈstiː.rɑː.nɑ̃</pron>
            <form type="runic">
              <orth>ᛊᛏᛁᚱᚨᚾᚨ</orth>
            </form>
          </form>
          <gramGrp>
            <pos>verb</pos>
            <gram type="class">Weak class 3</gram>
          </gramGrp>
          <sense n="1">
            <def>to be stiff</def>
          </sense>
          <sense n="2">
            <def>to stare</def>
          </sense>
          <etym>
            <seg type="p">From *stīraz (‘stiff, motionless’) + *-āną.</seg>
          </etym>
          <re type="paradigm">
            <form type="inflected" ana="#pres #ind #act #p1 #sg">
              <orth>stīrō</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#pres #ind #act #p2 #sg">
              <orth>stīraisi</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#pres #imper #act #p2 #sg">
              <orth>stīrai</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#pres #ind #pass #p2 #sg">
              <orth>stīrāsai</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#pres #ind #act #p3 #sg">
              <orth>stīraiþi</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#pres #imper #act #p3 #sg">
              <orth>stīrāþau</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#pres #ind #pass #p3 #sg">
              <orth>stīrāþai</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#pres #ind #act #p1 #du">
              <orth>stīrōs</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#pres #ind #act #p2 #du">
              <orth>stīrāþiz</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#pres #imper #act #p2 #du">
              <orth>stīrāþiz</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#pres #ind #act #p1 #pl">
              <orth>stīrāmaz</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#pres #ind #pass #p1 #pl">
              <orth>stīrānþai</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#pres #ind #act #p2 #pl">
              <orth>stīraiþ</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#pres #imper #act #p2 #pl">
              <orth>stīraiþ</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#pres #ind #pass #p2 #pl">
              <orth>stīrānþai</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#pres #ind #act #p3 #pl">
              <orth>stīrānþi</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#pres #imper #act #p3 #pl">
              <orth>stīrānþau</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#pres #ind #pass #p3 #pl">
              <orth>stīrānþai</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#past #ind #p1 #sg">
              <orth>stīradǭ</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#past #subj #p1 #sg">
              <orth>stīradēdį̄</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#past #ind #p2 #sg">
              <orth>stīradēz</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#past #subj #p2 #sg">
              <orth>stīradēdīz</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#past #ind #p3 #sg">
              <orth>stīradē</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#past #subj #p3 #sg">
              <orth>stīradēdī</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#past #ind #p1 #du">
              <orth>stīradēdū</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#past #subj #p1 #du">
              <orth>stīradēdīw</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#past #ind #p2 #du">
              <orth>stīradēdudiz</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#past #subj #p2 #du">
              <orth>stīradēdīdiz</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#past #ind #p1 #pl">
              <orth>stīradēdum</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#past #subj #p1 #pl">
              <orth>stīradēdīm</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#past #ind #p2 #pl">
              <orth>stīradēdud</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#past #subj #p2 #pl">
              <orth>stīradēdīd</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#past #ind #p3 #pl">
              <orth>stīradēdun</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#past #subj #p3 #pl">
              <orth>stīradēdīn</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="participle" subtype="present">
              <orth>stīrāndz</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="participle" subtype="past">
              <orth>stīradaz</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="infinitive">
              <orth>stīrāną</orth>
            </form>
          </re>
          <re type="descendants">
            <list>
              <item>
                <form type="descendant">
                  <lang>Proto-West Germanic</lang>
                  <orth>*stīrēn</orth>
                  <form type="descendant">
                    <lang>Old High German</lang>
                    <orth>*stīrēn</orth>
                    <form type="descendant">
                      <lang>Middle High German</lang>
                      <orth>*stīren</orth>
                      <form type="descendant">
                        <lang>German</lang>
                        <orth>stieren</orth>
                      </form>
                    </form>
                  </form>
                </form>
              </item>
              <item>
                <form type="descendant">
                  <lang>Proto-West Germanic</lang>
                  <orth>*stīrēn</orth>
                  <form type="descendant">
                    <lang>Old Saxon</lang>
                    <orth>*stīrōn</orth>
                    <form type="descendant">
                      <lang>Middle Low German</lang>
                      <orth>stīren</orth>
                    </form>
                  </form>
                </form>
              </item>
              <item>
                <form type="descendant">
                  <lang>Old Norse</lang>
                  <orth>stira</orth>
                  <form type="descendant">
                    <lang>Danish</lang>
                    <orth>stirre</orth>
                  </form>
                  <form type="descendant">
                    <lang>Icelandic</lang>
                    <orth>stira</orth>
                  </form>
                  <form type="descendant">
                    <lang>Norwegian Bokmål</lang>
                    <orth>stirre</orth>
                  </form>
                  <form type="descendant">
                    <lang>Norwegian Nynorsk</lang>
                    <orth>stira</orth>
                  </form>
                  <form type="descendant">
                    <lang>Swedish</lang>
                    <orth>stirra</orth>
                  </form>
                </form>
              </item>
            </list>
          </re>
        </entry>
      </div>
    </body>
  </text>
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