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    <fileDesc>
      <titleStmt>
        <title type="main">Wurdahuzdą: Proto-Germanic dictionary — *stōlaz</title>
        <author>Scott K. Shay</author>
      </titleStmt>
      <publicationStmt>
        <publisher>Wardja Press</publisher>
        <date when="2026-10-01"/>
        <idno type="URL">https://protogermanic.org/pgmc_stōlaz</idno>
      </publicationStmt>
      <sourceDesc>
        <p>Single-entry extract from the dictionary. Cross-references to other entries point to their identifiers in the full dictionary.</p>
      </sourceDesc>
    </fileDesc>
  </teiHeader>
  <text>
    <body>
      <list type="cognates">
        <item xml:id="cog_grc_stele" xml:lang="grc" type="cognate">
          <orth>στήλη</orth>
          <form type="translit">
            <orth>stḗlē</orth>
          </form>
          <def>sile, pillar</def>
        </item>
        <item xml:id="cog_ine-x-proto_stoh2los" xml:lang="ine-x-proto" type="etymon">
          <orth>*stoh₂los</orth>
          <def>frame, rack, stand</def>
        </item>
        <item xml:id="cog_lit_pastoliai" xml:lang="lit" type="cognate">
          <orth>pastoliai</orth>
          <def>scaffolding</def>
        </item>
        <item xml:id="cog_lit_stalas" xml:lang="lit" type="cognate">
          <orth>stalas</orth>
          <def>table</def>
        </item>
      </list>
      <div type="dictionary">
        <entry xml:id="pgmc_stolaz" type="noun" corresp="https://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/Reconstruction:Proto-Germanic/stōlaz">
          <form type="lemma">
            <orth>stōlaz</orth>
            <pron notation="ipa">ˈstɔː.lɑz</pron>
            <form type="runic">
              <orth>ᛊᛏᛟᛚᚨᛉ</orth>
            </form>
          </form>
          <gramGrp>
            <pos>noun</pos>
            <gram type="gender">masculine</gram>
            <gram type="stem">a-stem</gram>
          </gramGrp>
          <sense n="1">
            <def>stool</def>
          </sense>
          <sense n="2">
            <def>throne</def>
          </sense>
          <sense n="3">
            <def>chair</def>
          </sense>
          <etym>
            <seg type="p">(SS: see Kroonen 2017 &lt; *steh₂-tló-) From Proto-Indo-European <mentioned xml:lang="ine-x-proto" target="#cog_ine-x-proto_stoh2los"><ref target="#cog_ine-x-proto_stoh2los">*stoh₂los</ref></mentioned> (‘frame, rack, stand’), from *steh₂- (‘to stand’). Cognate with Lithuanian <mentioned xml:lang="lit" target="#cog_lit_stalas"><ref target="#cog_lit_stalas">stalas</ref></mentioned> (‘table’), Russian стол (stol, ‘table’), Ancient Greek <mentioned xml:lang="grc" target="#cog_grc_stele"><ref target="#cog_grc_stele">στήλη</ref></mentioned> (stḗlē, ‘sile, pillar’), Lithuanian <mentioned xml:lang="lit" target="#cog_lit_pastoliai"><ref target="#cog_lit_pastoliai">pastoliai</ref></mentioned> (‘scaffolding’).</seg>
          </etym>
          <re type="paradigm">
            <form type="inflected" ana="#sg #nom">
              <orth>stōlaz</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#pl #nom">
              <orth>stōlōz, stōlōs</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#sg #acc">
              <orth>stōlą</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#pl #acc">
              <orth>stōlanz</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#sg #gen">
              <orth>stōlas, stōlis</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#pl #gen">
              <orth>stōlǫ̂</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#sg #dat">
              <orth>stōlai</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#pl #dat">
              <orth>stōlamaz</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#sg #instr">
              <orth>stōlō</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#pl #instr">
              <orth>stōlamiz</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#sg #voc">
              <orth>stōl</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#pl #voc">
              <orth>stōlōz, stōlōs</orth>
            </form>
          </re>
          <re type="descendants">
            <list>
              <item>
                <form type="descendant">
                  <lang>Proto-West Germanic</lang>
                  <orth>*stōl</orth>
                  <form type="descendant">
                    <lang>Old Dutch</lang>
                    <orth>stuol</orth>
                    <form type="descendant">
                      <lang>Middle Dutch</lang>
                      <orth>stoel</orth>
                      <form type="descendant">
                        <lang>Limburgish</lang>
                        <orth>stool</orth>
                      </form>
                    </form>
                  </form>
                </form>
              </item>
              <item>
                <form type="descendant">
                  <lang>Proto-West Germanic</lang>
                  <orth>*stōl</orth>
                  <form type="descendant">
                    <lang>Old Dutch</lang>
                    <orth>stuol</orth>
                    <form type="descendant">
                      <lang>Middle Dutch</lang>
                      <orth>stoel</orth>
                      <form type="descendant">
                        <lang>Dutch</lang>
                        <orth>stoel</orth>
                        <form type="descendant">
                          <lang>Aukan</lang>
                          <orth>sutuu</orth>
                        </form>
                        <form type="descendant">
                          <lang>Fanagalo</lang>
                          <orth>stul</orth>
                        </form>
                        <form type="descendant">
                          <lang>Jersey Dutch</lang>
                          <orth>stûl</orth>
                        </form>
                        <form type="descendant">
                          <lang>Negerhollands</lang>
                          <orth>stoel, stul, stuel</orth>
                        </form>
                        <form type="descendant">
                          <lang>Papiamentu</lang>
                          <orth>stul, stoeltsje, stoeltji</orth>
                        </form>
                        <form type="descendant">
                          <lang>Skepi Creole Dutch</lang>
                          <orth>stool</orth>
                        </form>
                        <form type="descendant">
                          <lang>Sranan Tongo</lang>
                          <orth>sturu</orth>
                        </form>
                      </form>
                    </form>
                  </form>
                </form>
              </item>
              <item>
                <form type="descendant">
                  <lang>Proto-West Germanic</lang>
                  <orth>*stōl</orth>
                  <form type="descendant">
                    <lang>Old Dutch</lang>
                    <orth>stuol</orth>
                    <form type="descendant">
                      <lang>Middle Dutch</lang>
                      <orth>stoel</orth>
                      <form type="descendant">
                        <lang>Dutch</lang>
                        <orth>stoel</orth>
                        <form type="descendant">
                          <lang>Afrikaans</lang>
                          <orth>stoel</orth>
                          <form type="descendant">
                            <lang>Nǀuu</lang>
                            <orth>stulsi</orth>
                          </form>
                          <form type="descendant">
                            <lang>Sotho</lang>
                            <orth>setulo</orth>
                          </form>
                          <form type="descendant">
                            <lang>Swazi</lang>
                            <orth>sítúlo</orth>
                          </form>
                          <form type="descendant">
                            <lang>Tsonga</lang>
                            <orth>xitulu</orth>
                          </form>
                          <form type="descendant">
                            <lang>Xhosa</lang>
                            <orth>ísítúlo</orth>
                          </form>
                          <form type="descendant">
                            <lang>Zulu</lang>
                            <orth>ísítúlo</orth>
                          </form>
                        </form>
                      </form>
                    </form>
                  </form>
                </form>
              </item>
              <item>
                <form type="descendant">
                  <lang>Proto-West Germanic</lang>
                  <orth>*stōl</orth>
                  <form type="descendant">
                    <lang>Old Dutch</lang>
                    <orth>stuol</orth>
                    <form type="descendant">
                      <lang>Middle Dutch</lang>
                      <orth>stoel</orth>
                      <form type="descendant">
                        <lang>Dutch</lang>
                        <orth>stoel</orth>
                        <form type="descendant">
                          <lang>Afrikaans</lang>
                          <orth>stoel</orth>
                          <form type="descendant">
                            <lang>Southern Ndebele</lang>
                            <orth>ísítúlo</orth>
                            <form type="descendant">
                              <lang>Shona</lang>
                              <orth>chitúru, chitúro</orth>
                            </form>
                          </form>
                        </form>
                      </form>
                    </form>
                  </form>
                </form>
              </item>
              <item>
                <form type="descendant">
                  <lang>Proto-West Germanic</lang>
                  <orth>*stōl</orth>
                  <form type="descendant">
                    <lang>Old English</lang>
                    <orth>stōl</orth>
                    <form type="descendant">
                      <lang>Middle English</lang>
                      <orth>stool</orth>
                      <form type="descendant">
                        <lang>English</lang>
                        <orth>stool</orth>
                      </form>
                      <form type="descendant">
                        <lang>Scots</lang>
                        <orth>stuil, stul, stule</orth>
                      </form>
                    </form>
                  </form>
                </form>
              </item>
              <item>
                <form type="descendant">
                  <lang>Proto-West Germanic</lang>
                  <orth>*stōl</orth>
                  <form type="descendant">
                    <lang>Old Frisian</lang>
                    <orth>stōl</orth>
                    <form type="descendant">
                      <lang>North Frisian</lang>
                      <orth>stuul, stölj, Stuul</orth>
                    </form>
                    <form type="descendant">
                      <lang>Saterland Frisian</lang>
                      <orth>Stoul</orth>
                    </form>
                    <form type="descendant">
                      <lang>West Frisian</lang>
                      <orth>stoel</orth>
                    </form>
                  </form>
                </form>
              </item>
              <item>
                <form type="descendant">
                  <lang>Proto-West Germanic</lang>
                  <orth>*stōl</orth>
                  <form type="descendant">
                    <lang>Old High German</lang>
                    <orth>stuol</orth>
                    <form type="descendant">
                      <lang>Middle High German</lang>
                      <orth>stuol</orth>
                      <form type="descendant">
                        <lang>German</lang>
                        <orth>Stuhl</orth>
                      </form>
                      <form type="descendant">
                        <lang>Hunsrik</lang>
                        <orth>Stuhl</orth>
                      </form>
                      <form type="descendant">
                        <lang>Luxembourgish</lang>
                        <orth>Stull</orth>
                      </form>
                      <form type="descendant">
                        <lang>Vilamovian</lang>
                        <orth>śtül</orth>
                      </form>
                      <form type="descendant">
                        <lang>Yiddish</lang>
                        <orth>שטול (shtul)</orth>
                      </form>
                    </form>
                  </form>
                </form>
              </item>
              <item>
                <form type="descendant">
                  <lang>Proto-West Germanic</lang>
                  <orth>*stōl</orth>
                  <form type="descendant">
                    <lang>Old Saxon</lang>
                    <orth>stōl</orth>
                    <form type="descendant">
                      <lang>Middle Low German</lang>
                      <orth>stôl</orth>
                      <form type="descendant">
                        <lang>Estonian</lang>
                        <orth>tool</orth>
                      </form>
                      <form type="descendant">
                        <lang>Plautdietsch</lang>
                        <orth>Stool</orth>
                      </form>
                      <form type="descendant">
                        <lang>Votic</lang>
                        <orth>stooli</orth>
                      </form>
                    </form>
                  </form>
                </form>
              </item>
              <item>
                <form type="descendant">
                  <lang>Proto-West Germanic</lang>
                  <orth>*stōl</orth>
                  <form type="descendant">
                    <lang>Old Saxon</lang>
                    <orth>stōl</orth>
                    <form type="descendant">
                      <lang>Middle Low German</lang>
                      <orth>stôl</orth>
                      <form type="descendant">
                        <lang>German Low German</lang>
                        <orth>Stohl, Stauhl, Staul</orth>
                        <form type="descendant">
                          <lang>Lower Sorbian</lang>
                          <orth>stoł</orth>
                        </form>
                      </form>
                    </form>
                  </form>
                </form>
              </item>
              <item>
                <form type="descendant">
                  <lang>Old Norse</lang>
                  <orth>stóll</orth>
                  <form type="descendant">
                    <lang>Danish</lang>
                    <orth>stol</orth>
                  </form>
                  <form type="descendant">
                    <lang>Faroese</lang>
                    <orth>stólur</orth>
                  </form>
                  <form type="descendant">
                    <lang>Gutnish</lang>
                    <orth>stol, stul</orth>
                  </form>
                  <form type="descendant">
                    <lang>Icelandic</lang>
                    <orth>stóll</orth>
                  </form>
                  <form type="descendant">
                    <lang>Norn</lang>
                    <orth>stol, stul, støl</orth>
                  </form>
                  <form type="descendant">
                    <lang>Norwegian Bokmål</lang>
                    <orth>stol</orth>
                  </form>
                  <form type="descendant">
                    <lang>Norwegian Nynorsk</lang>
                    <orth>stol</orth>
                  </form>
                </form>
              </item>
              <item>
                <form type="descendant">
                  <lang>Old Norse</lang>
                  <orth>stóll</orth>
                  <form type="descendant">
                    <lang>Old Swedish</lang>
                    <orth>stōl</orth>
                    <form type="descendant">
                      <lang>Finnish</lang>
                      <orth>tuoli</orth>
                    </form>
                    <form type="descendant">
                      <lang>Ingrian</lang>
                      <orth>stooli</orth>
                    </form>
                    <form type="descendant">
                      <lang>Swedish</lang>
                      <orth>stol</orth>
                    </form>
                  </form>
                </form>
              </item>
              <item>
                <form type="descendant">
                  <lang>Gothic</lang>
                  <orth>𐍃𐍄𐍉𐌻𐍃 (stōls)</orth>
                </form>
              </item>
              <item>
                <form type="descendant">
                  <lang>Crimean Gothic</lang>
                  <orth>stul</orth>
                </form>
              </item>
              <item>
                <form type="descendant">
                  <lang>Old East Slavic</lang>
                  <orth>стулъ (stulŭ)</orth>
                  <form type="descendant">
                    <lang>Russian</lang>
                    <orth>стул (stul), стулъ (stul)</orth>
                    <form type="descendant">
                      <lang>Azerbaijani</lang>
                      <orth>stul</orth>
                    </form>
                    <form type="descendant">
                      <lang>Even</lang>
                      <orth>стул (stul)</orth>
                    </form>
                    <form type="descendant">
                      <lang>Kildin Sami</lang>
                      <orth>стӯла (stūla)</orth>
                    </form>
                    <form type="descendant">
                      <lang>Uzbek</lang>
                      <orth>stul</orth>
                    </form>
                  </form>
                </form>
              </item>
            </list>
          </re>
        </entry>
      </div>
    </body>
  </text>
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