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  <teiHeader>
    <fileDesc>
      <titleStmt>
        <title type="main">Wurdahuzdą: Proto-Germanic dictionary — *sukkōną</title>
        <author>Scott K. Shay</author>
      </titleStmt>
      <publicationStmt>
        <publisher>Wardja Press</publisher>
        <date when="2026-10-02"/>
        <idno type="URL">https://protogermanic.org/pgmc_sukkōną</idno>
      </publicationStmt>
      <sourceDesc>
        <p>Single-entry extract from the dictionary. Cross-references to other entries point to their identifiers in the full dictionary.</p>
      </sourceDesc>
    </fileDesc>
  </teiHeader>
  <text>
    <body>
      <list type="cognates">
        <item xml:id="cog_ine-x-proto_sewk" xml:lang="ine-x-proto" type="etymon">
          <orth>*sewḱ-</orth>
          <def>to suck</def>
        </item>
        <item xml:id="cog_lat_sucus" xml:lang="lat" type="cognate">
          <orth>sūcus</orth>
          <def>juice</def>
        </item>
        <item xml:id="cog_lat_sugo" xml:lang="lat" type="cognate">
          <orth>sūgō</orth>
          <def>suck</def>
        </item>
        <item xml:id="cog_lav_sukt" xml:lang="lav" type="cognate">
          <orth>sùkt</orth>
          <def>to suck</def>
        </item>
        <item xml:id="cog_sga_idem" xml:lang="sga" type="cognate">
          <orth>súigid</orth>
          <form type="translit">
            <orth>idem</orth>
          </form>
        </item>
        <item xml:id="cog_sla-x-proto_idem" xml:lang="sla-x-proto" type="cognate">
          <orth>*sъsàti</orth>
          <form type="translit">
            <orth>idem</orth>
          </form>
        </item>
      </list>
      <div type="dictionary">
        <entry xml:id="pgmc_sukkona" type="verb" corresp="https://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/Reconstruction:Proto-Germanic/sukkōną">
          <form type="lemma">
            <orth>sukkōną</orth>
            <pron notation="ipa">ˈsuk.kɔː.nɑ̃</pron>
            <form type="runic">
              <orth>ᛊᚢᚲᛟᚾᚨ</orth>
            </form>
          </form>
          <gramGrp>
            <pos>verb</pos>
            <gram type="class">Weak class 2</gram>
          </gramGrp>
          <sense n="1">
            <def>to suck</def>
          </sense>
          <etym>
            <seg type="p">Most likely from pre-Germanic *suḱnéh₂-, a zero-grade iterative to Proto-Indo-European <mentioned xml:lang="ine-x-proto" target="#cog_ine-x-proto_sewk"><ref target="#cog_ine-x-proto_sewk">*sewḱ-</ref></mentioned> (‘to suck’). The verb(s) *sūkaną/*sūganą (‘to suck’) very likely represent a back-formation from the iterative, as the expected outcome from inheritance would be *seuhaną. Cognates include Latin <mentioned xml:lang="lat" target="#cog_lat_sucus"><ref target="#cog_lat_sucus">sūcus</ref></mentioned> (‘juice’), Latvian <mentioned xml:lang="lav" target="#cog_lav_sukt"><ref target="#cog_lav_sukt">sùkt</ref></mentioned> (‘to suck’), Proto-Slavic <mentioned xml:lang="sla-x-proto" target="#cog_sla-x-proto_idem"><ref target="#cog_sla-x-proto_idem">*sъsàti</ref></mentioned> (idem). On the other hand, Latin <mentioned xml:lang="lat" target="#cog_lat_sugo"><ref target="#cog_lat_sugo">sūgō</ref></mentioned> (‘to suck’) and Old Irish <mentioned xml:lang="sga" target="#cog_sga_idem"><ref target="#cog_sga_idem">súigid</ref></mentioned> (idem) seem to point to a voiced stop, for Proto-Indo-European *sewg- or *sewgʰ-, which could just as well have given the Germanic iterative *sukk-. Contamination by onomatopoeia in at least some of these words is probable; compare the developments of Italian succhiare, ciucciare and Sicilian sucari.</seg>
          </etym>
          <re type="paradigm">
            <form type="inflected" ana="#pres #ind #act #p1 #sg">
              <orth>sukkō</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#pres #subj #act #p1 #sg">
              <orth>sukkǭ</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#pres #ind #pass #p1 #sg">
              <orth>sukkōi</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#pres #ind #act #p2 #sg">
              <orth>sukkōsi</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#pres #subj #act #p2 #sg">
              <orth>sukkōs</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#pres #imper #act #p2 #sg">
              <orth>sukkō</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#pres #ind #pass #p2 #sg">
              <orth>sukkōsai</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#pres #subj #pass #p2 #sg">
              <orth>sukkōsau</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#pres #ind #act #p3 #sg">
              <orth>sukkōþi</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#pres #subj #act #p3 #sg">
              <orth>sukkō</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#pres #imper #act #p3 #sg">
              <orth>sukkōþau</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#pres #ind #pass #p3 #sg">
              <orth>sukkōþai</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#pres #subj #pass #p3 #sg">
              <orth>sukkōþau</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#pres #ind #act #p1 #du">
              <orth>sukkōs</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#pres #subj #act #p1 #du">
              <orth>sukkōw</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#pres #ind #act #p2 #du">
              <orth>sukkōþiz</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#pres #subj #act #p2 #du">
              <orth>sukkōþiz</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#pres #imper #act #p2 #du">
              <orth>sukkōþiz</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#pres #ind #act #p1 #pl">
              <orth>sukkōmaz</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#pres #subj #act #p1 #pl">
              <orth>sukkōm</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#pres #ind #pass #p1 #pl">
              <orth>sukkōnþai</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#pres #subj #pass #p1 #pl">
              <orth>sukkōnþau</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#pres #ind #act #p2 #pl">
              <orth>sukkōþ</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#pres #subj #act #p2 #pl">
              <orth>sukkōþ</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#pres #imper #act #p2 #pl">
              <orth>sukkōþ</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#pres #ind #pass #p2 #pl">
              <orth>sukkōnþai</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#pres #subj #pass #p2 #pl">
              <orth>sukkōnþau</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#pres #ind #act #p3 #pl">
              <orth>sukkōnþi</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#pres #subj #act #p3 #pl">
              <orth>sukkōn</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#pres #imper #act #p3 #pl">
              <orth>sukkōnþau</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#pres #ind #pass #p3 #pl">
              <orth>sukkōnþai</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#pres #subj #pass #p3 #pl">
              <orth>sukkōnþau</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#past #ind #p1 #sg">
              <orth>sukkōdǭ</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#past #subj #p1 #sg">
              <orth>sukkōdēdį̄</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#past #ind #p2 #sg">
              <orth>sukkōdēz</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#past #subj #p2 #sg">
              <orth>sukkōdēdīz</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#past #ind #p3 #sg">
              <orth>sukkōdē</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#past #subj #p3 #sg">
              <orth>sukkōdēdī</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#past #ind #p1 #du">
              <orth>sukkōdēdū</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#past #subj #p1 #du">
              <orth>sukkōdēdīw</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#past #ind #p2 #du">
              <orth>sukkōdēdudiz</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#past #subj #p2 #du">
              <orth>sukkōdēdīdiz</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#past #ind #p1 #pl">
              <orth>sukkōdēdum</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#past #subj #p1 #pl">
              <orth>sukkōdēdīm</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#past #ind #p2 #pl">
              <orth>sukkōdēdud</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#past #subj #p2 #pl">
              <orth>sukkōdēdīd</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#past #ind #p3 #pl">
              <orth>sukkōdēdun</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#past #subj #p3 #pl">
              <orth>sukkōdēdīn</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="participle" subtype="present">
              <orth>sukkōndz</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="participle" subtype="past">
              <orth>sukkōdaz</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="infinitive">
              <orth>sukkōną</orth>
            </form>
          </re>
          <re type="descendants">
            <list>
              <item>
                <form type="descendant">
                  <lang>Old English</lang>
                  <orth>socian</orth>
                  <form type="descendant">
                    <lang>English</lang>
                    <orth>soak</orth>
                  </form>
                </form>
              </item>
              <item>
                <form type="descendant">
                  <lang>German</lang>
                  <orth>sucken</orth>
                </form>
              </item>
            </list>
          </re>
        </entry>
      </div>
    </body>
  </text>
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