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  <teiHeader>
    <fileDesc>
      <titleStmt>
        <title type="main">Wurdahuzdą: Proto-Germanic dictionary — *sumaraz</title>
        <author>Scott K. Shay</author>
      </titleStmt>
      <publicationStmt>
        <publisher>Wardja Press</publisher>
        <date when="2026-10-01"/>
        <idno type="URL">https://protogermanic.org/pgmc_sumaraz</idno>
      </publicationStmt>
      <sourceDesc>
        <p>Single-entry extract from the dictionary. Cross-references to other entries point to their identifiers in the full dictionary.</p>
      </sourceDesc>
    </fileDesc>
  </teiHeader>
  <text>
    <body>
      <list type="cognates">
        <item xml:id="cog_san_sama_x4" xml:lang="san" type="cognate">
          <orth>समा</orth>
          <form type="translit">
            <orth>sámā</orth>
          </form>
          <def>season, year</def>
        </item>
      </list>
      <div type="dictionary">
        <entry xml:id="pgmc_sumaraz" type="noun" corresp="https://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/Reconstruction:Proto-Germanic/sumaraz">
          <form type="lemma">
            <orth>sumaraz</orth>
            <pron notation="ipa">ˈsu.mɑ.rɑz</pron>
            <form type="runic">
              <orth>ᛊᚢᛗᚨᚱᚨᛉ</orth>
            </form>
          </form>
          <gramGrp>
            <pos>noun</pos>
            <gram type="gender">masculine</gram>
            <gram type="stem">a-stem</gram>
          </gramGrp>
          <sense n="1">
            <def>summer</def>
          </sense>
          <etym>
            <seg type="p">From Proto-Indo-European *sm̥-h₂-ór-o-, (cf. Old Armenian ամառն (amaṙn, ‘summer’)), an oblique r-stem based on *s(e)m-eh₂- (‘summer, year’) (cf. Tocharian A ṣme, ṣmāye, Sanskrit <mentioned xml:lang="san" target="#cog_san_sama_x4"><ref target="#cog_san_sama_x4">समा</ref></mentioned> (sámā, ‘season, year’), thematicized differently in Proto-Celtic *samos, Old Armenian ամ (am, ‘year’)).</seg>
          </etym>
          <re type="paradigm">
            <form type="inflected" ana="#sg #nom">
              <orth>sumaraz</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#pl #nom">
              <orth>sumarōz, sumarōs</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#sg #acc">
              <orth>sumarą</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#pl #acc">
              <orth>sumaranz</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#sg #gen">
              <orth>sumaras, sumaris</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#pl #gen">
              <orth>sumarǫ̂</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#sg #dat">
              <orth>sumarai</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#pl #dat">
              <orth>sumaramaz</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#sg #instr">
              <orth>sumarō</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#pl #instr">
              <orth>sumaramiz</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#sg #voc">
              <orth>sumar</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#pl #voc">
              <orth>sumarōz, sumarōs</orth>
            </form>
          </re>
          <re type="descendants">
            <list>
              <item>
                <form type="descendant">
                  <lang>Proto-West Germanic</lang>
                  <orth>*sumar</orth>
                  <form type="descendant">
                    <lang>Old Dutch</lang>
                    <orth>sumar</orth>
                    <form type="descendant">
                      <lang>Middle Dutch</lang>
                      <orth>sōmer</orth>
                      <form type="descendant">
                        <lang>Limburgish</lang>
                        <orth>zómmer</orth>
                      </form>
                      <form type="descendant">
                        <lang>West Flemish</lang>
                        <orth>zommer</orth>
                      </form>
                    </form>
                  </form>
                </form>
              </item>
              <item>
                <form type="descendant">
                  <lang>Proto-West Germanic</lang>
                  <orth>*sumar</orth>
                  <form type="descendant">
                    <lang>Old Dutch</lang>
                    <orth>sumar</orth>
                    <form type="descendant">
                      <lang>Middle Dutch</lang>
                      <orth>sōmer</orth>
                      <form type="descendant">
                        <lang>Dutch</lang>
                        <orth>zomer</orth>
                        <form type="descendant">
                          <lang>Afrikaans</lang>
                          <orth>somer</orth>
                        </form>
                      </form>
                    </form>
                  </form>
                </form>
              </item>
              <item>
                <form type="descendant">
                  <lang>Proto-West Germanic</lang>
                  <orth>*sumar</orth>
                  <form type="descendant">
                    <lang>Old English</lang>
                    <orth>sumor, sumer, sumur</orth>
                    <form type="descendant">
                      <lang>Middle English</lang>
                      <orth>sumer, somer</orth>
                      <form type="descendant">
                        <lang>English</lang>
                        <orth>summer</orth>
                      </form>
                      <form type="descendant">
                        <lang>Scots</lang>
                        <orth>somer, sumer, simmer, simer</orth>
                      </form>
                      <form type="descendant">
                        <lang>Yola</lang>
                        <orth>zimmer, zummer</orth>
                      </form>
                    </form>
                  </form>
                </form>
              </item>
              <item>
                <form type="descendant">
                  <lang>Proto-West Germanic</lang>
                  <orth>*sumar</orth>
                  <form type="descendant">
                    <lang>Old Frisian</lang>
                    <orth>sumur, sumer</orth>
                    <form type="descendant">
                      <lang>North Frisian</lang>
                      <orth>?</orth>
                    </form>
                    <form type="descendant">
                      <lang>Saterland Frisian</lang>
                      <orth>Suumer</orth>
                    </form>
                    <form type="descendant">
                      <lang>West Frisian</lang>
                      <orth>simmer</orth>
                    </form>
                  </form>
                </form>
              </item>
              <item>
                <form type="descendant">
                  <lang>Proto-West Germanic</lang>
                  <orth>*sumar</orth>
                  <form type="descendant">
                    <lang>Old High German</lang>
                    <orth>sumar</orth>
                    <form type="descendant">
                      <lang>Middle High German</lang>
                      <orth>sumer</orth>
                      <form type="descendant">
                        <lang>German</lang>
                        <orth>Sommer</orth>
                      </form>
                      <form type="descendant">
                        <lang>Hunsrik</lang>
                        <orth>Sommer</orth>
                      </form>
                      <form type="descendant">
                        <lang>Luxembourgish</lang>
                        <orth>Summer</orth>
                      </form>
                      <form type="descendant">
                        <lang>Mòcheno</lang>
                        <orth>summer</orth>
                      </form>
                      <form type="descendant">
                        <lang>Silesian East Central German</lang>
                        <orth>Summer</orth>
                      </form>
                      <form type="descendant">
                        <lang>Vilamovian</lang>
                        <orth>zumer</orth>
                      </form>
                      <form type="descendant">
                        <lang>Yiddish</lang>
                        <orth>זומער (zumer)</orth>
                      </form>
                    </form>
                  </form>
                </form>
              </item>
              <item>
                <form type="descendant">
                  <lang>Proto-West Germanic</lang>
                  <orth>*sumar</orth>
                  <form type="descendant">
                    <lang>Old Saxon</lang>
                    <orth>sumar</orth>
                    <form type="descendant">
                      <lang>Middle Low German</lang>
                      <orth>somer, sommer</orth>
                      <form type="descendant">
                        <lang>Plautdietsch</lang>
                        <orth>Somma</orth>
                      </form>
                    </form>
                  </form>
                </form>
              </item>
              <item>
                <form type="descendant">
                  <lang>Proto-West Germanic</lang>
                  <orth>*sumar</orth>
                  <form type="descendant">
                    <lang>Old Saxon</lang>
                    <orth>sumar</orth>
                    <form type="descendant">
                      <lang>Middle Low German</lang>
                      <orth>somer, sommer</orth>
                      <form type="descendant">
                        <lang>Low German</lang>
                        <orth>Sommer</orth>
                        <form type="descendant">
                          <lang>German Low German</lang>
                          <orth>Summer, Sommer, Sömmer</orth>
                          <form type="descendant">
                            <lang>Westphalian</lang>
                            <orth>?</orth>
                          </form>
                        </form>
                      </form>
                    </form>
                  </form>
                </form>
              </item>
              <item>
                <form type="descendant">
                  <lang>Old Norse</lang>
                  <orth>sumar</orth>
                  <form type="descendant">
                    <lang>Elfdalian</lang>
                    <orth>såmår</orth>
                  </form>
                  <form type="descendant">
                    <lang>Faroese</lang>
                    <orth>summar</orth>
                  </form>
                  <form type="descendant">
                    <lang>Gutnish</lang>
                    <orth>summar</orth>
                  </form>
                  <form type="descendant">
                    <lang>Icelandic</lang>
                    <orth>sumar</orth>
                  </form>
                  <form type="descendant">
                    <lang>Jamtish</lang>
                    <orth>somarr, samarr</orth>
                  </form>
                  <form type="descendant">
                    <lang>Norn</lang>
                    <orth>sommer</orth>
                  </form>
                  <form type="descendant">
                    <lang>Norwegian Nynorsk</lang>
                    <orth>sumar</orth>
                  </form>
                </form>
              </item>
              <item>
                <form type="descendant">
                  <lang>Old Norse</lang>
                  <orth>sumar</orth>
                  <form type="descendant">
                    <lang>Old Danish</lang>
                    <orth>somær, sumær</orth>
                    <form type="descendant">
                      <lang>Scanian</lang>
                      <orth>sǫmmar</orth>
                    </form>
                  </form>
                </form>
              </item>
              <item>
                <form type="descendant">
                  <lang>Old Norse</lang>
                  <orth>sumar</orth>
                  <form type="descendant">
                    <lang>Old Danish</lang>
                    <orth>somær, sumær</orth>
                    <form type="descendant">
                      <lang>Danish</lang>
                      <orth>sommer</orth>
                      <form type="descendant">
                        <lang>Norwegian Bokmål</lang>
                        <orth>sommer</orth>
                      </form>
                    </form>
                  </form>
                </form>
              </item>
              <item>
                <form type="descendant">
                  <lang>Old Norse</lang>
                  <orth>sumar</orth>
                  <form type="descendant">
                    <lang>Old Swedish</lang>
                    <orth>somar, sumar</orth>
                    <form type="descendant">
                      <lang>Swedish</lang>
                      <orth>sommar</orth>
                    </form>
                  </form>
                </form>
              </item>
              <item>
                <form type="descendant">
                  <lang>Old Norse</lang>
                  <orth>sumarr</orth>
                  <form type="descendant">
                    <lang>Elfdalian</lang>
                    <orth>såmår</orth>
                  </form>
                  <form type="descendant">
                    <lang>Faroese</lang>
                    <orth>summar</orth>
                  </form>
                  <form type="descendant">
                    <lang>Gutnish</lang>
                    <orth>summar</orth>
                  </form>
                  <form type="descendant">
                    <lang>Icelandic</lang>
                    <orth>sumar</orth>
                  </form>
                  <form type="descendant">
                    <lang>Jamtish</lang>
                    <orth>somarr, samarr</orth>
                  </form>
                  <form type="descendant">
                    <lang>Norn</lang>
                    <orth>sommer</orth>
                  </form>
                  <form type="descendant">
                    <lang>Norwegian Nynorsk</lang>
                    <orth>sumar</orth>
                  </form>
                </form>
              </item>
              <item>
                <form type="descendant">
                  <lang>Old Norse</lang>
                  <orth>sumarr</orth>
                  <form type="descendant">
                    <lang>Old Danish</lang>
                    <orth>somær, sumær</orth>
                    <form type="descendant">
                      <lang>Scanian</lang>
                      <orth>sǫmmar</orth>
                    </form>
                  </form>
                </form>
              </item>
              <item>
                <form type="descendant">
                  <lang>Old Norse</lang>
                  <orth>sumarr</orth>
                  <form type="descendant">
                    <lang>Old Danish</lang>
                    <orth>somær, sumær</orth>
                    <form type="descendant">
                      <lang>Danish</lang>
                      <orth>sommer</orth>
                      <form type="descendant">
                        <lang>Norwegian Bokmål</lang>
                        <orth>sommer</orth>
                      </form>
                    </form>
                  </form>
                </form>
              </item>
              <item>
                <form type="descendant">
                  <lang>Old Norse</lang>
                  <orth>sumarr</orth>
                  <form type="descendant">
                    <lang>Old Swedish</lang>
                    <orth>somar, sumar</orth>
                    <form type="descendant">
                      <lang>Swedish</lang>
                      <orth>sommar</orth>
                    </form>
                  </form>
                </form>
              </item>
              <item>
                <form type="descendant">
                  <lang>Old Norse</lang>
                  <orth>somar</orth>
                  <form type="descendant">
                    <lang>Elfdalian</lang>
                    <orth>såmår</orth>
                  </form>
                  <form type="descendant">
                    <lang>Faroese</lang>
                    <orth>summar</orth>
                  </form>
                  <form type="descendant">
                    <lang>Gutnish</lang>
                    <orth>summar</orth>
                  </form>
                  <form type="descendant">
                    <lang>Icelandic</lang>
                    <orth>sumar</orth>
                  </form>
                  <form type="descendant">
                    <lang>Jamtish</lang>
                    <orth>somarr, samarr</orth>
                  </form>
                  <form type="descendant">
                    <lang>Norn</lang>
                    <orth>sommer</orth>
                  </form>
                  <form type="descendant">
                    <lang>Norwegian Nynorsk</lang>
                    <orth>sumar</orth>
                  </form>
                </form>
              </item>
              <item>
                <form type="descendant">
                  <lang>Old Norse</lang>
                  <orth>somar</orth>
                  <form type="descendant">
                    <lang>Old Danish</lang>
                    <orth>somær, sumær</orth>
                    <form type="descendant">
                      <lang>Scanian</lang>
                      <orth>sǫmmar</orth>
                    </form>
                  </form>
                </form>
              </item>
              <item>
                <form type="descendant">
                  <lang>Old Norse</lang>
                  <orth>somar</orth>
                  <form type="descendant">
                    <lang>Old Danish</lang>
                    <orth>somær, sumær</orth>
                    <form type="descendant">
                      <lang>Danish</lang>
                      <orth>sommer</orth>
                      <form type="descendant">
                        <lang>Norwegian Bokmål</lang>
                        <orth>sommer</orth>
                      </form>
                    </form>
                  </form>
                </form>
              </item>
              <item>
                <form type="descendant">
                  <lang>Old Norse</lang>
                  <orth>somar</orth>
                  <form type="descendant">
                    <lang>Old Swedish</lang>
                    <orth>somar, sumar</orth>
                    <form type="descendant">
                      <lang>Swedish</lang>
                      <orth>sommar</orth>
                    </form>
                  </form>
                </form>
              </item>
              <item>
                <form type="descendant">
                  <lang>Old Norse</lang>
                  <orth>somarr</orth>
                  <form type="descendant">
                    <lang>Elfdalian</lang>
                    <orth>såmår</orth>
                  </form>
                  <form type="descendant">
                    <lang>Faroese</lang>
                    <orth>summar</orth>
                  </form>
                  <form type="descendant">
                    <lang>Gutnish</lang>
                    <orth>summar</orth>
                  </form>
                  <form type="descendant">
                    <lang>Icelandic</lang>
                    <orth>sumar</orth>
                  </form>
                  <form type="descendant">
                    <lang>Jamtish</lang>
                    <orth>somarr, samarr</orth>
                  </form>
                  <form type="descendant">
                    <lang>Norn</lang>
                    <orth>sommer</orth>
                  </form>
                  <form type="descendant">
                    <lang>Norwegian Nynorsk</lang>
                    <orth>sumar</orth>
                  </form>
                </form>
              </item>
              <item>
                <form type="descendant">
                  <lang>Old Norse</lang>
                  <orth>somarr</orth>
                  <form type="descendant">
                    <lang>Old Danish</lang>
                    <orth>somær, sumær</orth>
                    <form type="descendant">
                      <lang>Scanian</lang>
                      <orth>sǫmmar</orth>
                    </form>
                  </form>
                </form>
              </item>
              <item>
                <form type="descendant">
                  <lang>Old Norse</lang>
                  <orth>somarr</orth>
                  <form type="descendant">
                    <lang>Old Danish</lang>
                    <orth>somær, sumær</orth>
                    <form type="descendant">
                      <lang>Danish</lang>
                      <orth>sommer</orth>
                      <form type="descendant">
                        <lang>Norwegian Bokmål</lang>
                        <orth>sommer</orth>
                      </form>
                    </form>
                  </form>
                </form>
              </item>
              <item>
                <form type="descendant">
                  <lang>Old Norse</lang>
                  <orth>somarr</orth>
                  <form type="descendant">
                    <lang>Old Swedish</lang>
                    <orth>somar, sumar</orth>
                    <form type="descendant">
                      <lang>Swedish</lang>
                      <orth>sommar</orth>
                    </form>
                  </form>
                </form>
              </item>
            </list>
          </re>
        </entry>
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