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    <fileDesc>
      <titleStmt>
        <title type="main">Wurdahuzdą: Proto-Germanic dictionary — *sumpaz</title>
        <author>Scott K. Shay</author>
      </titleStmt>
      <publicationStmt>
        <publisher>Wardja Press</publisher>
        <date when="2026-10-03"/>
        <idno type="URL">https://protogermanic.org/pgmc_sumpaz</idno>
      </publicationStmt>
      <sourceDesc>
        <p>Single-entry extract from the dictionary. Cross-references to other entries point to their identifiers in the full dictionary.</p>
      </sourceDesc>
    </fileDesc>
  </teiHeader>
  <text>
    <body>
      <div type="dictionary">
        <entry xml:id="pgmc_sumpaz" type="noun" corresp="https://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/Reconstruction:Proto-Germanic/sumpaz">
          <form type="lemma">
            <orth>sumpaz</orth>
            <pron notation="ipa">ˈsum.pɑz</pron>
            <form type="runic">
              <orth>ᛊᚢᛗᛈᚨᛉ</orth>
            </form>
          </form>
          <gramGrp>
            <pos>noun</pos>
            <gram type="gender">masculine</gram>
            <gram type="stem">a-stem</gram>
          </gramGrp>
          <sense n="1">
            <def>fungus, sponge</def>
          </sense>
          <sense n="2">
            <def>swamp, marsh</def>
          </sense>
          <etym>
            <seg type="p">Compare *swammaz (‘sponge, fungus’); both along with the variant *swambaz may derive from an earlier n-stem *swambô (Nom.sg.) ~ *sumppaz (Gen.sg.). It is unclear whether both words are of Indo-European origin or wanderworts.</seg>
          </etym>
          <re type="paradigm">
            <form type="inflected" ana="#sg #nom">
              <orth>sumpaz</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#pl #nom">
              <orth>sumpōz, sumpōs</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#sg #acc">
              <orth>sumpą</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#pl #acc">
              <orth>sumpanz</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#sg #gen">
              <orth>sumpas, sumpis</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#pl #gen">
              <orth>sumpǫ̂</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#sg #dat">
              <orth>sumpai</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#pl #dat">
              <orth>sumpamaz</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#sg #instr">
              <orth>sumpō</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#pl #instr">
              <orth>sumpamiz</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#sg #voc">
              <orth>sump</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#pl #voc">
              <orth>sumpōz, sumpōs</orth>
            </form>
          </re>
          <re type="descendants">
            <list>
              <item>
                <form type="descendant">
                  <lang>Proto-West Germanic</lang>
                  <orth>*sump</orth>
                  <form type="descendant">
                    <lang>Old Dutch</lang>
                    <orth>*sump</orth>
                    <form type="descendant">
                      <lang>Middle Dutch</lang>
                      <orth>sump, somp</orth>
                      <form type="descendant">
                        <lang>Dutch</lang>
                        <orth>zomp</orth>
                      </form>
                    </form>
                  </form>
                </form>
              </item>
              <item>
                <form type="descendant">
                  <lang>Proto-West Germanic</lang>
                  <orth>*sump</orth>
                  <form type="descendant">
                    <lang>Old Dutch</lang>
                    <orth>*sump</orth>
                    <form type="descendant">
                      <lang>Middle Dutch</lang>
                      <orth>sump, somp</orth>
                      <form type="descendant">
                        <lang>Middle English</lang>
                        <orth>?, sompe, swamp</orth>
                        <form type="descendant">
                          <lang>English</lang>
                          <orth>sump, swamp</orth>
                        </form>
                      </form>
                    </form>
                  </form>
                </form>
              </item>
              <item>
                <form type="descendant">
                  <lang>Proto-West Germanic</lang>
                  <orth>*sump</orth>
                  <form type="descendant">
                    <lang>Old English</lang>
                    <orth>*sump</orth>
                    <form type="descendant">
                      <lang>Middle English</lang>
                      <orth>sumpe</orth>
                    </form>
                  </form>
                </form>
              </item>
              <item>
                <form type="descendant">
                  <lang>Proto-West Germanic</lang>
                  <orth>*sump</orth>
                  <form type="descendant">
                    <lang>Old Frisian</lang>
                    <orth>*sump</orth>
                    <form type="descendant">
                      <lang>Saterland Frisian</lang>
                      <orth>Sump</orth>
                    </form>
                    <form type="descendant">
                      <lang>West Frisian</lang>
                      <orth>sompe, somp</orth>
                    </form>
                  </form>
                </form>
              </item>
              <item>
                <form type="descendant">
                  <lang>Proto-West Germanic</lang>
                  <orth>*sump</orth>
                  <form type="descendant">
                    <lang>Old High German</lang>
                    <orth>*sumpf</orth>
                    <form type="descendant">
                      <lang>Middle High German</lang>
                      <orth>sumpf</orth>
                      <form type="descendant">
                        <lang>Czech</lang>
                        <orth>žumpa</orth>
                      </form>
                      <form type="descendant">
                        <lang>Polish</lang>
                        <orth>żąp</orth>
                      </form>
                    </form>
                  </form>
                </form>
              </item>
              <item>
                <form type="descendant">
                  <lang>Proto-West Germanic</lang>
                  <orth>*sump</orth>
                  <form type="descendant">
                    <lang>Old High German</lang>
                    <orth>*sumpf</orth>
                    <form type="descendant">
                      <lang>Middle High German</lang>
                      <orth>sumpf</orth>
                      <form type="descendant">
                        <lang>German</lang>
                        <orth>Sumpf</orth>
                        <form type="descendant">
                          <lang>Hungarian</lang>
                          <orth>zsombék</orth>
                        </form>
                      </form>
                    </form>
                  </form>
                </form>
              </item>
              <item>
                <form type="descendant">
                  <lang>Proto-West Germanic</lang>
                  <orth>*sump</orth>
                  <form type="descendant">
                    <lang>Old High German</lang>
                    <orth>*sumpf</orth>
                    <form type="descendant">
                      <lang>Middle High German</lang>
                      <orth>sumpf</orth>
                      <form type="descendant">
                        <lang>German</lang>
                        <orth>Sumpf</orth>
                        <form type="descendant">
                          <lang>Swedish</lang>
                          <orth>sump</orth>
                          <form type="descendant">
                            <lang>Finnish</lang>
                            <orth>sumppu</orth>
                          </form>
                        </form>
                      </form>
                    </form>
                  </form>
                </form>
              </item>
              <item>
                <form type="descendant">
                  <lang>Proto-West Germanic</lang>
                  <orth>*sump</orth>
                  <form type="descendant">
                    <lang>Old Saxon</lang>
                    <orth>*sump</orth>
                    <form type="descendant">
                      <lang>Middle Low German</lang>
                      <orth>sump</orth>
                      <form type="descendant">
                        <lang>German Low German</lang>
                        <orth>Sump</orth>
                      </form>
                      <form type="descendant">
                        <lang>Norwegian</lang>
                        <orth>sump</orth>
                      </form>
                      <form type="descendant">
                        <lang>Plautdietsch</lang>
                        <orth>Somp</orth>
                      </form>
                    </form>
                  </form>
                </form>
              </item>
              <item>
                <form type="descendant">
                  <lang>Old Norse</lang>
                  <orth>?</orth>
                </form>
              </item>
              <item>
                <form type="descendant">
                  <lang>Old Norse</lang>
                  <orth>soppr</orth>
                </form>
              </item>
            </list>
          </re>
        </entry>
      </div>
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