<?xml version='1.0' encoding='UTF-8'?>
<TEI xmlns="http://www.tei-c.org/ns/1.0" xml:lang="en" version="4.12.0">
  <teiHeader>
    <fileDesc>
      <titleStmt>
        <title type="main">Wurdahuzdą: Proto-Germanic dictionary — *sundraz</title>
        <author>Scott K. Shay</author>
      </titleStmt>
      <publicationStmt>
        <publisher>Wardja Press</publisher>
        <date when="2026-10-01"/>
        <idno type="URL">https://protogermanic.org/pgmc_sundraz</idno>
      </publicationStmt>
      <sourceDesc>
        <p>Single-entry extract from the dictionary. Cross-references to other entries point to their identifiers in the full dictionary.</p>
      </sourceDesc>
    </fileDesc>
  </teiHeader>
  <text>
    <body>
      <list type="cognates">
        <item xml:id="cog_ave_hanar" xml:lang="ave" type="cognate">
          <orth>𐬵𐬀𐬥𐬀𐬭𐬆</orth>
          <form type="translit">
            <orth>hanarə</orth>
          </form>
          <def>without, apart from</def>
        </item>
        <item xml:id="cog_cel-x-proto_santeros" xml:lang="cel-x-proto" type="cognate">
          <orth>*santeros</orth>
          <def>half</def>
        </item>
        <item xml:id="cog_san_sanitur" xml:lang="san" type="cognate">
          <orth>सनितुर्</orth>
          <form type="translit">
            <orth>sanitúr</orth>
          </form>
        </item>
      </list>
      <div type="dictionary">
        <entry xml:id="pgmc_sundraz" type="adj" corresp="https://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/Reconstruction:Proto-Germanic/sundraz">
          <form type="lemma">
            <orth>sundraz</orth>
            <pron notation="ipa">ˈsun.drɑz</pron>
            <form type="runic">
              <orth>ᛊᚢᚾᛞᚱᚨᛉ</orth>
            </form>
          </form>
          <gramGrp>
            <pos>adj</pos>
            <gram type="stem">a-stem</gram>
          </gramGrp>
          <sense n="1">
            <def>separate, isolated, alone</def>
          </sense>
          <etym>
            <seg type="p">From Proto-Indo-European *sn̥Htros, from *senH- (‘apart, without, for oneself’); whether a relation to *sem- (‘one’) exists is unclear. Cognate with Sanskrit <mentioned xml:lang="san" target="#cog_san_sanitur"><ref target="#cog_san_sanitur">सनितुर्</ref></mentioned> (sanitúr), Avestan <mentioned xml:lang="ave" target="#cog_ave_hanar"><ref target="#cog_ave_hanar">𐬵𐬀𐬥𐬀𐬭𐬆</ref></mentioned> (hanar^ə), and possibly Proto-Celtic <mentioned xml:lang="cel-x-proto" target="#cog_cel-x-proto_santeros"><ref target="#cog_cel-x-proto_santeros">*santeros</ref></mentioned> (‘half’).</seg>
          </etym>
          <re type="paradigm">
            <form type="inflected" ana="#sg #nom #masc #strong">
              <orth>sundraz</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#sg #nom #fem #strong">
              <orth>sundrō</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#sg #nom #neut #strong">
              <orth>sundrą, -atō</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#pl #nom #masc #strong">
              <orth>sundrai</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#pl #nom #fem #strong">
              <orth>sundrôz</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#pl #nom #neut #strong">
              <orth>sundrō</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#sg #acc #masc #strong">
              <orth>sundranǭ</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#sg #acc #fem #strong">
              <orth>sundrǭ</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#sg #acc #neut #strong">
              <orth>sundrą, -atō</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#pl #acc #masc #strong">
              <orth>sundranz</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#pl #acc #fem #strong">
              <orth>sundrōz</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#pl #acc #neut #strong">
              <orth>sundrō</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#sg #gen #masc #strong">
              <orth>sundras, -is</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#sg #gen #fem #strong">
              <orth>sundraizōz</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#sg #gen #neut #strong">
              <orth>sundras, -is</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#pl #gen #masc #strong">
              <orth>sundraizǫ̂</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#pl #gen #fem #strong">
              <orth>sundraizǫ̂</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#pl #gen #neut #strong">
              <orth>sundraizǫ̂</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#sg #dat #masc #strong">
              <orth>sundrammai</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#sg #dat #fem #strong">
              <orth>sundraizōi</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#sg #dat #neut #strong">
              <orth>sundrammai</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#pl #dat #masc #strong">
              <orth>sundraimaz</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#pl #dat #fem #strong">
              <orth>sundraimaz</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#pl #dat #neut #strong">
              <orth>sundraimaz</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#sg #instr #masc #strong">
              <orth>sundranō</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#sg #instr #fem #strong">
              <orth>sundraizō</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#sg #instr #neut #strong">
              <orth>sundranō</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#pl #instr #masc #strong">
              <orth>sundraimiz</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#pl #instr #fem #strong">
              <orth>sundraimiz</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#pl #instr #neut #strong">
              <orth>sundraimiz</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#sg #nom #masc #weak">
              <orth>sundrô</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#sg #nom #fem #weak">
              <orth>sundrǭ</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#sg #nom #neut #weak">
              <orth>sundrô</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#pl #nom #masc #weak">
              <orth>sundraniz</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#pl #nom #fem #weak">
              <orth>sundrōniz</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#pl #nom #neut #weak">
              <orth>sundrōnō</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#sg #acc #masc #weak">
              <orth>sundranų</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#sg #acc #fem #weak">
              <orth>sundrōnų</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#sg #acc #neut #weak">
              <orth>sundrô</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#pl #acc #masc #weak">
              <orth>sundranunz</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#pl #acc #fem #weak">
              <orth>sundrōnunz</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#pl #acc #neut #weak">
              <orth>sundrōnō</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#sg #gen #masc #weak">
              <orth>sundriniz</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#sg #gen #fem #weak">
              <orth>sundrōniz</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#sg #gen #neut #weak">
              <orth>sundriniz</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#pl #gen #masc #weak">
              <orth>sundranǫ̂</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#pl #gen #fem #weak">
              <orth>sundrōnǫ̂</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#pl #gen #neut #weak">
              <orth>sundranǫ̂</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#sg #dat #masc #weak">
              <orth>sundrini</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#sg #dat #fem #weak">
              <orth>sundrōni</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#sg #dat #neut #weak">
              <orth>sundrini</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#pl #dat #masc #weak">
              <orth>sundrammaz</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#pl #dat #fem #weak">
              <orth>sundrōmaz</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#pl #dat #neut #weak">
              <orth>sundrammaz</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#sg #instr #masc #weak">
              <orth>sundrinē</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#sg #instr #fem #weak">
              <orth>sundrōnē</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#sg #instr #neut #weak">
              <orth>sundrinē</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#pl #instr #masc #weak">
              <orth>sundrammiz</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#pl #instr #fem #weak">
              <orth>sundrōmiz</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#pl #instr #neut #weak">
              <orth>sundrammiz</orth>
            </form>
          </re>
          <re type="descendants">
            <list>
              <item>
                <form type="descendant">
                  <lang>Proto-West Germanic</lang>
                  <orth>*sundr</orth>
                  <form type="descendant">
                    <lang>Old Dutch</lang>
                    <orth>sundar</orth>
                    <form type="descendant">
                      <lang>Middle Dutch</lang>
                      <orth>sonder</orth>
                      <form type="descendant">
                        <lang>Limburgish</lang>
                        <orth>zónger</orth>
                      </form>
                    </form>
                  </form>
                </form>
              </item>
              <item>
                <form type="descendant">
                  <lang>Proto-West Germanic</lang>
                  <orth>*sundr</orth>
                  <form type="descendant">
                    <lang>Old Dutch</lang>
                    <orth>sundar</orth>
                    <form type="descendant">
                      <lang>Middle Dutch</lang>
                      <orth>sonder</orth>
                      <form type="descendant">
                        <lang>Dutch</lang>
                        <orth>zonder</orth>
                        <form type="descendant">
                          <lang>Afrikaans</lang>
                          <orth>sonder</orth>
                        </form>
                        <form type="descendant">
                          <lang>Aukan</lang>
                          <orth>sondee</orth>
                        </form>
                        <form type="descendant">
                          <lang>Berbice Creole Dutch</lang>
                          <orth>sondro</orth>
                        </form>
                        <form type="descendant">
                          <lang>Betawi</lang>
                          <orth>sonder</orth>
                        </form>
                        <form type="descendant">
                          <lang>Caribbean Javanese</lang>
                          <orth>sonder</orth>
                        </form>
                        <form type="descendant">
                          <lang>Indonesian</lang>
                          <orth>sonder, zonder</orth>
                        </form>
                        <form type="descendant">
                          <lang>Javanese</lang>
                          <orth>ꦱꦺꦴꦤ꧀ꦝꦼꦂ (sondher)</orth>
                        </form>
                        <form type="descendant">
                          <lang>Jersey Dutch</lang>
                          <orth>zonder</orth>
                        </form>
                        <form type="descendant">
                          <lang>Malay</lang>
                          <orth>sonder</orth>
                        </form>
                        <form type="descendant">
                          <lang>Negerhollands</lang>
                          <orth>sonder, sondu</orth>
                        </form>
                        <form type="descendant">
                          <lang>Saramaccan</lang>
                          <orth>sondò</orth>
                        </form>
                        <form type="descendant">
                          <lang>Sranan Tongo</lang>
                          <orth>sondro</orth>
                        </form>
                      </form>
                    </form>
                  </form>
                </form>
              </item>
              <item>
                <form type="descendant">
                  <lang>Proto-West Germanic</lang>
                  <orth>*sundr</orth>
                  <form type="descendant">
                    <lang>Old English</lang>
                    <orth>sundor, sunder, synder</orth>
                    <form type="descendant">
                      <lang>Middle English</lang>
                      <orth>sunder</orth>
                      <form type="descendant">
                        <lang>English</lang>
                        <orth>sunder</orth>
                      </form>
                      <form type="descendant">
                        <lang>Scots</lang>
                        <orth>sinder</orth>
                      </form>
                    </form>
                  </form>
                </form>
              </item>
              <item>
                <form type="descendant">
                  <lang>Proto-West Germanic</lang>
                  <orth>*sundr</orth>
                  <form type="descendant">
                    <lang>Old Frisian</lang>
                    <orth>sunder</orth>
                    <form type="descendant">
                      <lang>Saterland Frisian</lang>
                      <orth>sunder, sunner</orth>
                    </form>
                    <form type="descendant">
                      <lang>West Frisian</lang>
                      <orth>sûnder</orth>
                    </form>
                  </form>
                </form>
              </item>
              <item>
                <form type="descendant">
                  <lang>Proto-West Germanic</lang>
                  <orth>*sundr</orth>
                  <form type="descendant">
                    <lang>Old High German</lang>
                    <orth>suntar</orth>
                    <form type="descendant">
                      <lang>Middle High German</lang>
                      <orth>sunder</orth>
                      <form type="descendant">
                        <lang>German</lang>
                        <orth>sondern, sonder-</orth>
                      </form>
                      <form type="descendant">
                        <lang>Yiddish</lang>
                        <orth>באַזונדער (bazunder), אָפּזונדערן (opzundern)</orth>
                      </form>
                    </form>
                  </form>
                </form>
              </item>
              <item>
                <form type="descendant">
                  <lang>Proto-West Germanic</lang>
                  <orth>*sundr</orth>
                  <form type="descendant">
                    <lang>Old Saxon</lang>
                    <orth>sundar</orth>
                    <form type="descendant">
                      <lang>Middle Low German</lang>
                      <orth>sunder, sonder</orth>
                    </form>
                  </form>
                </form>
              </item>
              <item>
                <form type="descendant">
                  <lang>Old Norse</lang>
                  <orth>sundr</orth>
                  <form type="descendant">
                    <lang>Faroese</lang>
                    <orth>sundur</orth>
                  </form>
                  <form type="descendant">
                    <lang>Icelandic</lang>
                    <orth>sundur</orth>
                  </form>
                  <form type="descendant">
                    <lang>Norwegian Bokmål</lang>
                    <orth>sund</orth>
                  </form>
                  <form type="descendant">
                    <lang>Norwegian Nynorsk</lang>
                    <orth>sund, sunder</orth>
                  </form>
                </form>
              </item>
              <item>
                <form type="descendant">
                  <lang>Old Norse</lang>
                  <orth>sundr</orth>
                  <form type="descendant">
                    <lang>Danish</lang>
                    <orth>sønder</orth>
                    <form type="descendant">
                      <lang>Norwegian Bokmål</lang>
                      <orth>sønder</orth>
                    </form>
                  </form>
                </form>
              </item>
              <item>
                <form type="descendant">
                  <lang>Old Norse</lang>
                  <orth>sundr</orth>
                  <form type="descendant">
                    <lang>Old Swedish</lang>
                    <orth>sunder, synder</orth>
                    <form type="descendant">
                      <lang>Swedish</lang>
                      <orth>sönder</orth>
                    </form>
                  </form>
                </form>
              </item>
              <item>
                <form type="descendant">
                  <lang>Gothic</lang>
                  <orth>𐍃𐌿𐌽𐌳𐍂𐍉 (sundrō)</orth>
                </form>
              </item>
            </list>
          </re>
        </entry>
      </div>
    </body>
  </text>
</TEI>
