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  <teiHeader>
    <fileDesc>
      <titleStmt>
        <title type="main">Wurdahuzdą: Proto-Germanic dictionary — *surgāną</title>
        <author>Scott K. Shay</author>
      </titleStmt>
      <publicationStmt>
        <publisher>Wardja Press</publisher>
        <date when="2026-10-02"/>
        <idno type="URL">https://protogermanic.org/pgmc_surgāną</idno>
      </publicationStmt>
      <sourceDesc>
        <p>Single-entry extract from the dictionary. Cross-references to other entries point to their identifiers in the full dictionary.</p>
      </sourceDesc>
    </fileDesc>
  </teiHeader>
  <text>
    <body>
      <div type="dictionary">
        <entry xml:id="pgmc_surgana" type="verb" corresp="https://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/Reconstruction:Proto-Germanic/surgāną">
          <form type="lemma">
            <orth>surgāną</orth>
            <pron notation="ipa">ˈsur.ɣɑː.nɑ̃</pron>
            <form type="runic">
              <orth>ᛊᚢᚱᚷᚨᚾᚨ</orth>
            </form>
          </form>
          <gramGrp>
            <pos>verb</pos>
            <gram type="class">Weak class 3</gram>
          </gramGrp>
          <sense n="1">
            <def>to worry, be concerned</def>
          </sense>
          <etym>
            <seg type="p">From *surgō (‘worry, sorrow, care’) + *-āną.</seg>
          </etym>
          <re type="paradigm">
            <form type="inflected" ana="#pres #ind #act #p1 #sg">
              <orth>surgō</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#pres #ind #act #p2 #sg">
              <orth>surgaisi</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#pres #imper #act #p2 #sg">
              <orth>surgai</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#pres #ind #pass #p2 #sg">
              <orth>surgāsai</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#pres #ind #act #p3 #sg">
              <orth>surgaiþi</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#pres #imper #act #p3 #sg">
              <orth>surgāþau</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#pres #ind #pass #p3 #sg">
              <orth>surgāþai</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#pres #ind #act #p1 #du">
              <orth>surgōs</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#pres #ind #act #p2 #du">
              <orth>surgāþiz</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#pres #imper #act #p2 #du">
              <orth>surgāþiz</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#pres #ind #act #p1 #pl">
              <orth>surgāmaz</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#pres #ind #pass #p1 #pl">
              <orth>surgānþai</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#pres #ind #act #p2 #pl">
              <orth>surgaiþ</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#pres #imper #act #p2 #pl">
              <orth>surgaiþ</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#pres #ind #pass #p2 #pl">
              <orth>surgānþai</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#pres #ind #act #p3 #pl">
              <orth>surgānþi</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#pres #imper #act #p3 #pl">
              <orth>surgānþau</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#pres #ind #pass #p3 #pl">
              <orth>surgānþai</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#past #ind #p1 #sg">
              <orth>surgadǭ</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#past #subj #p1 #sg">
              <orth>surgadēdį̄</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#past #ind #p2 #sg">
              <orth>surgadēz</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#past #subj #p2 #sg">
              <orth>surgadēdīz</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#past #ind #p3 #sg">
              <orth>surgadē</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#past #subj #p3 #sg">
              <orth>surgadēdī</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#past #ind #p1 #du">
              <orth>surgadēdū</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#past #subj #p1 #du">
              <orth>surgadēdīw</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#past #ind #p2 #du">
              <orth>surgadēdudiz</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#past #subj #p2 #du">
              <orth>surgadēdīdiz</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#past #ind #p1 #pl">
              <orth>surgadēdum</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#past #subj #p1 #pl">
              <orth>surgadēdīm</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#past #ind #p2 #pl">
              <orth>surgadēdud</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#past #subj #p2 #pl">
              <orth>surgadēdīd</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#past #ind #p3 #pl">
              <orth>surgadēdun</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#past #subj #p3 #pl">
              <orth>surgadēdīn</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="participle" subtype="present">
              <orth>surgāndz</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="participle" subtype="past">
              <orth>surgadaz</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="infinitive">
              <orth>surgāną</orth>
            </form>
          </re>
          <re type="descendants">
            <list>
              <item>
                <form type="descendant">
                  <lang>Proto-West Germanic</lang>
                  <orth>*sorgēn</orth>
                  <form type="descendant">
                    <lang>Old Dutch</lang>
                    <orth>sorgon</orth>
                    <form type="descendant">
                      <lang>Middle Dutch</lang>
                      <orth>sorgen</orth>
                      <form type="descendant">
                        <lang>Limburgish</lang>
                        <orth>zórge, zörge</orth>
                      </form>
                    </form>
                  </form>
                </form>
              </item>
              <item>
                <form type="descendant">
                  <lang>Proto-West Germanic</lang>
                  <orth>*sorgēn</orth>
                  <form type="descendant">
                    <lang>Old Dutch</lang>
                    <orth>sorgon</orth>
                    <form type="descendant">
                      <lang>Middle Dutch</lang>
                      <orth>sorgen</orth>
                      <form type="descendant">
                        <lang>Dutch</lang>
                        <orth>zorgen</orth>
                        <form type="descendant">
                          <lang>Afrikaans</lang>
                          <orth>sorg</orth>
                        </form>
                        <form type="descendant">
                          <lang>Aukan</lang>
                          <orth>solugu</orth>
                        </form>
                        <form type="descendant">
                          <lang>Negerhollands</lang>
                          <orth>sorg</orth>
                        </form>
                        <form type="descendant">
                          <lang>Papiamentu</lang>
                          <orth>sòru</orth>
                        </form>
                        <form type="descendant">
                          <lang>Saramaccan</lang>
                          <orth>solúgu</orth>
                        </form>
                      </form>
                    </form>
                  </form>
                </form>
              </item>
              <item>
                <form type="descendant">
                  <lang>Proto-West Germanic</lang>
                  <orth>*sorgēn</orth>
                  <form type="descendant">
                    <lang>Old Dutch</lang>
                    <orth>sorgon</orth>
                    <form type="descendant">
                      <lang>Middle Dutch</lang>
                      <orth>sorgen</orth>
                      <form type="descendant">
                        <lang>Dutch</lang>
                        <orth>zorgen</orth>
                        <form type="descendant">
                          <lang>Sranan Tongo</lang>
                          <orth>sorgu</orth>
                          <form type="descendant">
                            <lang>Caribbean Javanese</lang>
                            <orth>sorgu, nyoru, nyorgoni, Kari'na: sorukuma</orth>
                          </form>
                        </form>
                      </form>
                    </form>
                  </form>
                </form>
              </item>
              <item>
                <form type="descendant">
                  <lang>Proto-West Germanic</lang>
                  <orth>*sorgēn</orth>
                  <form type="descendant">
                    <lang>Old English</lang>
                    <orth>sorgian, sorhgian, *sœrgian, *sergian</orth>
                    <form type="descendant">
                      <lang>Middle English</lang>
                      <orth>sorwen</orth>
                      <form type="descendant">
                        <lang>English</lang>
                        <orth>sorrow</orth>
                      </form>
                      <form type="descendant">
                        <lang>Middle Scots</lang>
                        <orth>sorrow</orth>
                      </form>
                    </form>
                  </form>
                </form>
              </item>
              <item>
                <form type="descendant">
                  <lang>Proto-West Germanic</lang>
                  <orth>*sorgēn</orth>
                  <form type="descendant">
                    <lang>Old Frisian</lang>
                    <orth>sorgia</orth>
                    <form type="descendant">
                      <lang>Saterland Frisian</lang>
                      <orth>súurgje, sourgje</orth>
                    </form>
                    <form type="descendant">
                      <lang>West Frisian</lang>
                      <orth>soargje</orth>
                    </form>
                  </form>
                </form>
              </item>
              <item>
                <form type="descendant">
                  <lang>Proto-West Germanic</lang>
                  <orth>*sorgēn</orth>
                  <form type="descendant">
                    <lang>Old High German</lang>
                    <orth>sorgēn, sworgōn, sorgōn</orth>
                    <form type="descendant">
                      <lang>Middle High German</lang>
                      <orth>sorgen</orth>
                      <form type="descendant">
                        <lang>Luxembourgish</lang>
                        <orth>suergen</orth>
                      </form>
                      <form type="descendant">
                        <lang>Yiddish</lang>
                        <orth>זאָרגן (zorgn)</orth>
                      </form>
                    </form>
                  </form>
                </form>
              </item>
              <item>
                <form type="descendant">
                  <lang>Proto-West Germanic</lang>
                  <orth>*sorgēn</orth>
                  <form type="descendant">
                    <lang>Old High German</lang>
                    <orth>sorgēn, sworgōn, sorgōn</orth>
                    <form type="descendant">
                      <lang>Middle High German</lang>
                      <orth>sorgen</orth>
                      <form type="descendant">
                        <lang>German</lang>
                        <orth>sorgen</orth>
                        <form type="descendant">
                          <lang>Esperanto</lang>
                          <orth>zorgi</orth>
                        </form>
                      </form>
                    </form>
                  </form>
                </form>
              </item>
              <item>
                <form type="descendant">
                  <lang>Proto-West Germanic</lang>
                  <orth>*sorgēn</orth>
                  <form type="descendant">
                    <lang>Old Saxon</lang>
                    <orth>sorgōn</orth>
                    <form type="descendant">
                      <lang>Middle Low German</lang>
                      <orth>sorgen, sörgen</orth>
                      <form type="descendant">
                        <lang>German Low German</lang>
                        <orth>sörgen</orth>
                      </form>
                    </form>
                  </form>
                </form>
              </item>
              <item>
                <form type="descendant">
                  <lang>Proto-West Germanic</lang>
                  <orth>*sorgōn</orth>
                  <form type="descendant">
                    <lang>Old Dutch</lang>
                    <orth>sorgon</orth>
                    <form type="descendant">
                      <lang>Middle Dutch</lang>
                      <orth>sorgen</orth>
                      <form type="descendant">
                        <lang>Limburgish</lang>
                        <orth>zórge, zörge</orth>
                      </form>
                    </form>
                  </form>
                </form>
              </item>
              <item>
                <form type="descendant">
                  <lang>Proto-West Germanic</lang>
                  <orth>*sorgōn</orth>
                  <form type="descendant">
                    <lang>Old Dutch</lang>
                    <orth>sorgon</orth>
                    <form type="descendant">
                      <lang>Middle Dutch</lang>
                      <orth>sorgen</orth>
                      <form type="descendant">
                        <lang>Dutch</lang>
                        <orth>zorgen</orth>
                        <form type="descendant">
                          <lang>Afrikaans</lang>
                          <orth>sorg</orth>
                        </form>
                        <form type="descendant">
                          <lang>Aukan</lang>
                          <orth>solugu</orth>
                        </form>
                        <form type="descendant">
                          <lang>Negerhollands</lang>
                          <orth>sorg</orth>
                        </form>
                        <form type="descendant">
                          <lang>Papiamentu</lang>
                          <orth>sòru</orth>
                        </form>
                        <form type="descendant">
                          <lang>Saramaccan</lang>
                          <orth>solúgu</orth>
                        </form>
                      </form>
                    </form>
                  </form>
                </form>
              </item>
              <item>
                <form type="descendant">
                  <lang>Proto-West Germanic</lang>
                  <orth>*sorgōn</orth>
                  <form type="descendant">
                    <lang>Old Dutch</lang>
                    <orth>sorgon</orth>
                    <form type="descendant">
                      <lang>Middle Dutch</lang>
                      <orth>sorgen</orth>
                      <form type="descendant">
                        <lang>Dutch</lang>
                        <orth>zorgen</orth>
                        <form type="descendant">
                          <lang>Sranan Tongo</lang>
                          <orth>sorgu</orth>
                          <form type="descendant">
                            <lang>Caribbean Javanese</lang>
                            <orth>sorgu, nyoru, nyorgoni, Kari'na: sorukuma</orth>
                          </form>
                        </form>
                      </form>
                    </form>
                  </form>
                </form>
              </item>
              <item>
                <form type="descendant">
                  <lang>Proto-West Germanic</lang>
                  <orth>*sorgōn</orth>
                  <form type="descendant">
                    <lang>Old English</lang>
                    <orth>sorgian, sorhgian, *sœrgian, *sergian</orth>
                    <form type="descendant">
                      <lang>Middle English</lang>
                      <orth>sorwen</orth>
                      <form type="descendant">
                        <lang>English</lang>
                        <orth>sorrow</orth>
                      </form>
                      <form type="descendant">
                        <lang>Middle Scots</lang>
                        <orth>sorrow</orth>
                      </form>
                    </form>
                  </form>
                </form>
              </item>
              <item>
                <form type="descendant">
                  <lang>Proto-West Germanic</lang>
                  <orth>*sorgōn</orth>
                  <form type="descendant">
                    <lang>Old Frisian</lang>
                    <orth>sorgia</orth>
                    <form type="descendant">
                      <lang>Saterland Frisian</lang>
                      <orth>súurgje, sourgje</orth>
                    </form>
                    <form type="descendant">
                      <lang>West Frisian</lang>
                      <orth>soargje</orth>
                    </form>
                  </form>
                </form>
              </item>
              <item>
                <form type="descendant">
                  <lang>Proto-West Germanic</lang>
                  <orth>*sorgōn</orth>
                  <form type="descendant">
                    <lang>Old High German</lang>
                    <orth>sorgēn, sworgōn, sorgōn</orth>
                    <form type="descendant">
                      <lang>Middle High German</lang>
                      <orth>sorgen</orth>
                      <form type="descendant">
                        <lang>Luxembourgish</lang>
                        <orth>suergen</orth>
                      </form>
                      <form type="descendant">
                        <lang>Yiddish</lang>
                        <orth>זאָרגן (zorgn)</orth>
                      </form>
                    </form>
                  </form>
                </form>
              </item>
              <item>
                <form type="descendant">
                  <lang>Proto-West Germanic</lang>
                  <orth>*sorgōn</orth>
                  <form type="descendant">
                    <lang>Old High German</lang>
                    <orth>sorgēn, sworgōn, sorgōn</orth>
                    <form type="descendant">
                      <lang>Middle High German</lang>
                      <orth>sorgen</orth>
                      <form type="descendant">
                        <lang>German</lang>
                        <orth>sorgen</orth>
                        <form type="descendant">
                          <lang>Esperanto</lang>
                          <orth>zorgi</orth>
                        </form>
                      </form>
                    </form>
                  </form>
                </form>
              </item>
              <item>
                <form type="descendant">
                  <lang>Proto-West Germanic</lang>
                  <orth>*sorgōn</orth>
                  <form type="descendant">
                    <lang>Old Saxon</lang>
                    <orth>sorgōn</orth>
                    <form type="descendant">
                      <lang>Middle Low German</lang>
                      <orth>sorgen, sörgen</orth>
                      <form type="descendant">
                        <lang>German Low German</lang>
                        <orth>sörgen</orth>
                      </form>
                    </form>
                  </form>
                </form>
              </item>
              <item>
                <form type="descendant">
                  <lang>Old Norse</lang>
                  <orth>syrgja</orth>
                  <form type="descendant">
                    <lang>Danish</lang>
                    <orth>sørge</orth>
                  </form>
                  <form type="descendant">
                    <lang>Faroese</lang>
                    <orth>syrgja</orth>
                  </form>
                  <form type="descendant">
                    <lang>Icelandic</lang>
                    <orth>syrgja</orth>
                  </form>
                  <form type="descendant">
                    <lang>Norwegian Bokmål</lang>
                    <orth>sørge</orth>
                  </form>
                  <form type="descendant">
                    <lang>Norwegian Nynorsk</lang>
                    <orth>syrgja, sørge</orth>
                  </form>
                  <form type="descendant">
                    <lang>Swedish</lang>
                    <orth>sörja</orth>
                  </form>
                </form>
              </item>
              <item>
                <form type="descendant">
                  <lang>Gothic</lang>
                  <orth>𐍃𐌰𐌿𐍂𐌲𐌰𐌽 (saurgān)</orth>
                </form>
              </item>
            </list>
          </re>
        </entry>
      </div>
    </body>
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