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  <teiHeader>
    <fileDesc>
      <titleStmt>
        <title type="main">Wurdahuzdą: Proto-Germanic dictionary — *swarjaną</title>
        <author>Scott K. Shay</author>
      </titleStmt>
      <publicationStmt>
        <publisher>Wardja Press</publisher>
        <date when="2026-10-01"/>
        <idno type="URL">https://protogermanic.org/pgmc_swarjaną</idno>
      </publicationStmt>
      <sourceDesc>
        <p>Single-entry extract from the dictionary. Cross-references to other entries point to their identifiers in the full dictionary.</p>
      </sourceDesc>
    </fileDesc>
  </teiHeader>
  <text>
    <body>
      <list type="cognates">
        <item xml:id="cog_ine-x-proto_swer" xml:lang="ine-x-proto" type="etymon">
          <orth>*swer-</orth>
          <def>to resound loudly, swear</def>
        </item>
      </list>
      <div type="dictionary">
        <entry xml:id="pgmc_swarjana" type="verb" corresp="https://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/Reconstruction:Proto-Germanic/swarjaną">
          <form type="lemma">
            <orth>swarjaną</orth>
            <pron notation="ipa">ˈswɑr.jɑ.nɑ̃</pron>
            <form type="runic">
              <orth>ᛊᚹᚨᚱᛃᚨᚾᚨ</orth>
            </form>
          </form>
          <gramGrp>
            <pos>verb</pos>
            <gram type="class">Weak class 1</gram>
          </gramGrp>
          <sense n="1">
            <def>to swear (an oath)</def>
          </sense>
          <etym>
            <seg type="p">From Proto-Indo-European <mentioned xml:lang="ine-x-proto" target="#cog_ine-x-proto_swer"><ref target="#cog_ine-x-proto_swer">*swer-</ref></mentioned> (‘to resound loudly, swear’).</seg>
          </etym>
          <re type="paradigm">
            <form type="inflected" ana="#pres #ind #act #p1 #sg">
              <orth>swarjō</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#pres #subj #act #p1 #sg">
              <orth>swarjaų</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#pres #ind #pass #p1 #sg">
              <orth>swarjai</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#pres #ind #act #p2 #sg">
              <orth>swarisi</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#pres #subj #act #p2 #sg">
              <orth>swarjais</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#pres #imper #act #p2 #sg">
              <orth>swari</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#pres #ind #pass #p2 #sg">
              <orth>swarjasai</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#pres #subj #pass #p2 #sg">
              <orth>swarjaisau</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#pres #ind #act #p3 #sg">
              <orth>swariþi</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#pres #subj #act #p3 #sg">
              <orth>swarjai</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#pres #imper #act #p3 #sg">
              <orth>swarjaþau</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#pres #ind #pass #p3 #sg">
              <orth>swarjaþai</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#pres #subj #pass #p3 #sg">
              <orth>swarjaiþau</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#pres #ind #act #p1 #du">
              <orth>swarjōs</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#pres #subj #act #p1 #du">
              <orth>swarjaiw</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#pres #ind #act #p2 #du">
              <orth>swarjaþiz</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#pres #subj #act #p2 #du">
              <orth>swarjaiþiz</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#pres #imper #act #p2 #du">
              <orth>swarjaþiz</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#pres #ind #act #p1 #pl">
              <orth>swarjamaz</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#pres #subj #act #p1 #pl">
              <orth>swarjaim</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#pres #ind #pass #p1 #pl">
              <orth>swarjanþai</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#pres #subj #pass #p1 #pl">
              <orth>swarjainþau</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#pres #ind #act #p2 #pl">
              <orth>swariþ</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#pres #subj #act #p2 #pl">
              <orth>swarjaiþ</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#pres #imper #act #p2 #pl">
              <orth>swariþ</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#pres #ind #pass #p2 #pl">
              <orth>swarjanþai</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#pres #subj #pass #p2 #pl">
              <orth>swarjainþau</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#pres #ind #act #p3 #pl">
              <orth>swarjanþi</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#pres #subj #act #p3 #pl">
              <orth>swarjain</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#pres #imper #act #p3 #pl">
              <orth>swarjanþau</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#pres #ind #pass #p3 #pl">
              <orth>swarjanþai</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#pres #subj #pass #p3 #pl">
              <orth>swarjainþau</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#past #ind #p1 #sg">
              <orth>swōr</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#past #subj #p1 #sg">
              <orth>swōrį̄</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#past #ind #p2 #sg">
              <orth>swōrt</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#past #subj #p2 #sg">
              <orth>swōrīz</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#past #ind #p3 #sg">
              <orth>swōr</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#past #subj #p3 #sg">
              <orth>swōrī</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#past #ind #p1 #du">
              <orth>swōrū</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#past #subj #p1 #du">
              <orth>swōrīw</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#past #ind #p2 #du">
              <orth>swōrudiz</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#past #subj #p2 #du">
              <orth>swōrīdiz</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#past #ind #p1 #pl">
              <orth>swōrum</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#past #subj #p1 #pl">
              <orth>swōrīm</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#past #ind #p2 #pl">
              <orth>swōrud</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#past #subj #p2 #pl">
              <orth>swōrīd</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#past #ind #p3 #pl">
              <orth>swōrun</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#past #subj #p3 #pl">
              <orth>swōrīn</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="participle" subtype="present">
              <orth>swarjandz</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="participle" subtype="past">
              <orth>swuranaz</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="infinitive">
              <orth>swarjaną</orth>
            </form>
          </re>
          <re type="descendants">
            <list>
              <item>
                <form type="descendant">
                  <lang>Proto-West Germanic</lang>
                  <orth>*swarjan</orth>
                  <form type="descendant">
                    <lang>Old Dutch</lang>
                    <orth>sweren, *swerien</orth>
                    <form type="descendant">
                      <lang>Middle Dutch</lang>
                      <orth>swēren, swerren</orth>
                      <form type="descendant">
                        <lang>Limburgish</lang>
                        <orth>zwaere</orth>
                      </form>
                    </form>
                  </form>
                </form>
              </item>
              <item>
                <form type="descendant">
                  <lang>Proto-West Germanic</lang>
                  <orth>*swarjan</orth>
                  <form type="descendant">
                    <lang>Old Dutch</lang>
                    <orth>sweren, *swerien</orth>
                    <form type="descendant">
                      <lang>Middle Dutch</lang>
                      <orth>swēren, swerren</orth>
                      <form type="descendant">
                        <lang>Dutch</lang>
                        <orth>zweren</orth>
                        <form type="descendant">
                          <lang>Afrikaans</lang>
                          <orth>sweer</orth>
                        </form>
                        <form type="descendant">
                          <lang>Negerhollands</lang>
                          <orth>sweer</orth>
                        </form>
                      </form>
                    </form>
                  </form>
                </form>
              </item>
              <item>
                <form type="descendant">
                  <lang>Proto-West Germanic</lang>
                  <orth>*swarjan</orth>
                  <form type="descendant">
                    <lang>Old English</lang>
                    <orth>swerian, swarian</orth>
                    <form type="descendant">
                      <lang>Middle English</lang>
                      <orth>swerien, sweren</orth>
                      <form type="descendant">
                        <lang>English</lang>
                        <orth>swear</orth>
                      </form>
                      <form type="descendant">
                        <lang>Scots</lang>
                        <orth>swer, swere, sweir</orth>
                      </form>
                    </form>
                  </form>
                </form>
              </item>
              <item>
                <form type="descendant">
                  <lang>Proto-West Germanic</lang>
                  <orth>*swarjan</orth>
                  <form type="descendant">
                    <lang>Old Frisian</lang>
                    <orth>swera, swara</orth>
                    <form type="descendant">
                      <lang>Saterland Frisian</lang>
                      <orth>swere</orth>
                    </form>
                    <form type="descendant">
                      <lang>West Frisian</lang>
                      <orth>swarre</orth>
                    </form>
                  </form>
                </form>
              </item>
              <item>
                <form type="descendant">
                  <lang>Proto-West Germanic</lang>
                  <orth>*swarjan</orth>
                  <form type="descendant">
                    <lang>Old High German</lang>
                    <orth>sweren, swerien, swerren</orth>
                    <form type="descendant">
                      <lang>Middle High German</lang>
                      <orth>swern</orth>
                      <form type="descendant">
                        <lang>Alemannic German</lang>
                        <orth>schwere</orth>
                      </form>
                      <form type="descendant">
                        <lang>German</lang>
                        <orth>schwören</orth>
                      </form>
                      <form type="descendant">
                        <lang>Luxembourgish</lang>
                        <orth>schwieren</orth>
                      </form>
                    </form>
                  </form>
                </form>
              </item>
              <item>
                <form type="descendant">
                  <lang>Proto-West Germanic</lang>
                  <orth>*swarjan</orth>
                  <form type="descendant">
                    <lang>Old Saxon</lang>
                    <orth>swerian</orth>
                    <form type="descendant">
                      <lang>Middle Low German</lang>
                      <orth>sweren</orth>
                      <form type="descendant">
                        <lang>Low German</lang>
                        <orth>swören, sweren</orth>
                      </form>
                    </form>
                  </form>
                </form>
              </item>
              <item>
                <form type="descendant">
                  <lang>Old Norse</lang>
                  <orth>sverja</orth>
                  <form type="descendant">
                    <lang>Elfdalian</lang>
                    <orth>swera</orth>
                  </form>
                  <form type="descendant">
                    <lang>Faroese</lang>
                    <orth>svørja</orth>
                  </form>
                  <form type="descendant">
                    <lang>Gutnish</lang>
                    <orth>sväre</orth>
                  </form>
                  <form type="descendant">
                    <lang>Icelandic</lang>
                    <orth>sverja</orth>
                  </form>
                  <form type="descendant">
                    <lang>Norwegian Nynorsk</lang>
                    <orth>sverja</orth>
                  </form>
                  <form type="descendant">
                    <lang>Scanian</lang>
                    <orth>sværa</orth>
                  </form>
                </form>
              </item>
              <item>
                <form type="descendant">
                  <lang>Old Norse</lang>
                  <orth>sverja</orth>
                  <form type="descendant">
                    <lang>Old Danish</lang>
                    <orth>swæriæ, swæræ</orth>
                    <form type="descendant">
                      <lang>Danish</lang>
                      <orth>sværge</orth>
                      <form type="descendant">
                        <lang>Norwegian Bokmål</lang>
                        <orth>sverge</orth>
                      </form>
                    </form>
                  </form>
                </form>
              </item>
              <item>
                <form type="descendant">
                  <lang>Old Norse</lang>
                  <orth>sverja</orth>
                  <form type="descendant">
                    <lang>Old Swedish</lang>
                    <orth>sværia</orth>
                    <form type="descendant">
                      <lang>Swedish</lang>
                      <orth>svära, svärja, ſwaͤrja</orth>
                    </form>
                  </form>
                </form>
              </item>
              <item>
                <form type="descendant">
                  <lang>Gothic</lang>
                  <orth>𐍃𐍅𐌰𐍂𐌰𐌽 (swaran)</orth>
                </form>
              </item>
            </list>
          </re>
        </entry>
      </div>
    </body>
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