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  <teiHeader>
    <fileDesc>
      <titleStmt>
        <title type="main">Wurdahuzdą: Proto-Germanic dictionary — *swarmaz</title>
        <author>Scott K. Shay</author>
      </titleStmt>
      <publicationStmt>
        <publisher>Wardja Press</publisher>
        <date when="2026-10-01"/>
        <idno type="URL">https://protogermanic.org/pgmc_swarmaz</idno>
      </publicationStmt>
      <sourceDesc>
        <p>Single-entry extract from the dictionary. Cross-references to other entries point to their identifiers in the full dictionary.</p>
      </sourceDesc>
    </fileDesc>
  </teiHeader>
  <text>
    <body>
      <list type="cognates">
        <item xml:id="cog_ine-x-proto_swer" xml:lang="ine-x-proto" type="etymon">
          <orth>*swer-</orth>
          <def>to resound loudly, swear</def>
        </item>
        <item xml:id="cog_lat_susurrus" xml:lang="lat" type="cognate">
          <orth>susurrus</orth>
          <def>whispering, humming, murmur</def>
        </item>
        <item xml:id="cog_lit_surma" xml:lang="lit" type="cognate">
          <orth>surma</orth>
          <def>a pipe</def>
        </item>
      </list>
      <div type="dictionary">
        <entry xml:id="pgmc_swarmaz" type="noun" corresp="https://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/Reconstruction:Proto-Germanic/swarmaz">
          <form type="lemma">
            <orth>swarmaz</orth>
            <pron notation="ipa">ˈswɑr.mɑz</pron>
            <form type="runic">
              <orth>ᛊᚹᚨᚱᛗᚨᛉ</orth>
            </form>
          </form>
          <gramGrp>
            <pos>noun</pos>
            <gram type="gender">masculine</gram>
            <gram type="stem">a-stem</gram>
          </gramGrp>
          <sense n="1">
            <def>swarm</def>
          </sense>
          <sense n="2">
            <def>dizziness</def>
          </sense>
          <etym>
            <seg type="p">From Proto-Indo-European <mentioned xml:lang="ine-x-proto" target="#cog_ine-x-proto_swer"><ref target="#cog_ine-x-proto_swer">*swer-</ref></mentioned> (‘to buzz, hum’). Cognate with Latin <mentioned xml:lang="lat" target="#cog_lat_susurrus"><ref target="#cog_lat_susurrus">susurrus</ref></mentioned> (‘whispering, humming, murmur’), Lithuanian <mentioned xml:lang="lit" target="#cog_lit_surma"><ref target="#cog_lit_surma">surma</ref></mentioned> (‘a pipe’), Russian свире́ль (svirélʹ, ‘a pipe, reed’).</seg>
          </etym>
          <re type="paradigm">
            <form type="inflected" ana="#sg #nom">
              <orth>swarmaz</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#pl #nom">
              <orth>swarmōz, swarmōs</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#sg #acc">
              <orth>swarmą</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#pl #acc">
              <orth>swarmanz</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#sg #gen">
              <orth>swarmas, swarmis</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#pl #gen">
              <orth>swarmǫ̂</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#sg #dat">
              <orth>swarmai</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#pl #dat">
              <orth>swarmamaz</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#sg #instr">
              <orth>swarmō</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#pl #instr">
              <orth>swarmamiz</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#sg #voc">
              <orth>swarm</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#pl #voc">
              <orth>swarmōz, swarmōs</orth>
            </form>
          </re>
          <re type="descendants">
            <list>
              <item>
                <form type="descendant">
                  <lang>Old English</lang>
                  <orth>swearm</orth>
                  <form type="descendant">
                    <lang>Middle English</lang>
                    <orth>swarm</orth>
                    <form type="descendant">
                      <lang>English</lang>
                      <orth>swarm</orth>
                    </form>
                    <form type="descendant">
                      <lang>Scots</lang>
                      <orth>swarm</orth>
                    </form>
                  </form>
                </form>
              </item>
              <item>
                <form type="descendant">
                  <lang>Old Frisian</lang>
                  <orth>*swarm</orth>
                  <form type="descendant">
                    <lang>Saterland Frisian</lang>
                    <orth>Swoorm</orth>
                  </form>
                  <form type="descendant">
                    <lang>West Frisian</lang>
                    <orth>swarm, swaarm</orth>
                  </form>
                </form>
              </item>
              <item>
                <form type="descendant">
                  <lang>Old Saxon</lang>
                  <orth>swarm</orth>
                  <form type="descendant">
                    <lang>Middle Low German</lang>
                    <orth>swarm</orth>
                  </form>
                </form>
              </item>
              <item>
                <form type="descendant">
                  <lang>Old Dutch</lang>
                  <orth>*swarm</orth>
                  <form type="descendant">
                    <lang>Middle Dutch</lang>
                    <orth>swaerm, swerm</orth>
                    <form type="descendant">
                      <lang>Dutch</lang>
                      <orth>zwerm</orth>
                      <form type="descendant">
                        <lang>Afrikaans</lang>
                        <orth>swerm</orth>
                      </form>
                    </form>
                  </form>
                </form>
              </item>
              <item>
                <form type="descendant">
                  <lang>Old High German</lang>
                  <orth>swarm</orth>
                  <form type="descendant">
                    <lang>Middle High German</lang>
                    <orth>swarm</orth>
                    <form type="descendant">
                      <lang>Hunsrik</lang>
                      <orth>Schwaarem</orth>
                    </form>
                    <form type="descendant">
                      <lang>Luxembourgish</lang>
                      <orth>Schwaarm</orth>
                    </form>
                  </form>
                </form>
              </item>
              <item>
                <form type="descendant">
                  <lang>Old High German</lang>
                  <orth>swarm</orth>
                  <form type="descendant">
                    <lang>Middle High German</lang>
                    <orth>swarm</orth>
                    <form type="descendant">
                      <lang>German</lang>
                      <orth>Schwarm</orth>
                      <form type="descendant">
                        <lang>Esperanto</lang>
                        <orth>svarmo</orth>
                      </form>
                    </form>
                  </form>
                </form>
              </item>
              <item>
                <form type="descendant">
                  <lang>Old Norse</lang>
                  <orth>svarmr</orth>
                  <form type="descendant">
                    <lang>Danish</lang>
                    <orth>sværm</orth>
                  </form>
                  <form type="descendant">
                    <lang>Icelandic</lang>
                    <orth>svarmur</orth>
                  </form>
                  <form type="descendant">
                    <lang>Norwegian</lang>
                    <orth>sverm</orth>
                  </form>
                </form>
              </item>
              <item>
                <form type="descendant">
                  <lang>Old Norse</lang>
                  <orth>svarmr</orth>
                  <form type="descendant">
                    <lang>Old Swedish</lang>
                    <orth>sværmber</orth>
                    <form type="descendant">
                      <lang>Swedish</lang>
                      <orth>svärm</orth>
                    </form>
                  </form>
                </form>
              </item>
            </list>
          </re>
        </entry>
      </div>
    </body>
  </text>
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