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    <fileDesc>
      <titleStmt>
        <title type="main">Wurdahuzdą: Proto-Germanic dictionary — *swarō</title>
        <author>Scott K. Shay</author>
      </titleStmt>
      <publicationStmt>
        <publisher>Wardja Press</publisher>
        <date when="2026-10-01"/>
        <idno type="URL">https://protogermanic.org/pgmc_swarō</idno>
      </publicationStmt>
      <sourceDesc>
        <p>Single-entry extract from the dictionary. Cross-references to other entries point to their identifiers in the full dictionary.</p>
      </sourceDesc>
    </fileDesc>
  </teiHeader>
  <text>
    <body>
      <list type="cognates">
        <item xml:id="cog_chu_svaru" xml:lang="chu" type="cognate">
          <orth>сваръ</orth>
          <form type="translit">
            <orth>svarŭ</orth>
          </form>
          <def>quarrel</def>
        </item>
        <item xml:id="cog_ine-x-proto_swer" xml:lang="ine-x-proto" type="etymon">
          <orth>*swer-</orth>
          <def>to resound loudly, swear</def>
        </item>
      </list>
      <div type="dictionary">
        <entry xml:id="pgmc_swaro_x2" type="noun" corresp="https://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/Reconstruction:Proto-Germanic/swarō">
          <form type="lemma">
            <orth>swarō</orth>
            <pron notation="ipa">ˈswɑ.rɔː</pron>
            <form type="runic">
              <orth>ᛊᚹᚨᚱᛟ</orth>
            </form>
          </form>
          <gramGrp>
            <pos>noun</pos>
            <gram type="gender">feminine</gram>
            <gram type="stem">ō-stem</gram>
          </gramGrp>
          <sense n="1">
            <def>statement, affirmation; oath, vow</def>
          </sense>
          <etym>
            <seg type="p">From Proto-Indo-European <mentioned xml:lang="ine-x-proto" target="#cog_ine-x-proto_swer"><ref target="#cog_ine-x-proto_swer">*swer-</ref></mentioned> (‘to say, speak, talk, swear, curse’), synchronically analyzed as a nominal formation from *swarjaną (‘to swear’). Cognate with Proto-Slavic *svarъ (e.g. Old Church Slavonic <mentioned xml:lang="chu" target="#cog_chu_svaru"><ref target="#cog_chu_svaru">сваръ</ref></mentioned> (svarŭ, ‘quarrel’)), Russian ссо́ра (ssóra, ‘quarrel, dispute’).</seg>
          </etym>
          <re type="paradigm">
            <form type="inflected" ana="#sg #nom">
              <orth>swarō</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#pl #nom">
              <orth>swarôz</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#sg #acc">
              <orth>swarǭ</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#pl #acc">
              <orth>swarōz</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#sg #gen">
              <orth>swarōz</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#pl #gen">
              <orth>swarǫ̂</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#sg #dat">
              <orth>swarōi</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#pl #dat">
              <orth>swarōmaz</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#sg #instr">
              <orth>swarō</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#pl #instr">
              <orth>swarōmiz</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#sg #voc">
              <orth>swarō</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#pl #voc">
              <orth>swarôz</orth>
            </form>
          </re>
          <re type="descendants">
            <list>
              <item>
                <form type="descendant">
                  <lang>Old English</lang>
                  <orth>swaru</orth>
                  <form type="descendant">
                    <lang>Middle English</lang>
                    <orth>sware</orth>
                    <form type="descendant">
                      <lang>English</lang>
                      <orth>swear</orth>
                    </form>
                    <form type="descendant">
                      <lang>Scots</lang>
                      <orth>swere, swear</orth>
                    </form>
                  </form>
                </form>
              </item>
              <item>
                <form type="descendant">
                  <lang>Old Frisian</lang>
                  <orth>*swer</orth>
                </form>
              </item>
              <item>
                <form type="descendant">
                  <lang>Old Frisian</lang>
                  <orth>*ser</orth>
                </form>
              </item>
              <item>
                <form type="descendant">
                  <lang>Old Saxon</lang>
                  <orth>swōr</orth>
                </form>
              </item>
              <item>
                <form type="descendant">
                  <lang>Old High German</lang>
                  <orth>*swuor</orth>
                  <form type="descendant">
                    <lang>Middle High German</lang>
                    <orth>swuor</orth>
                    <form type="descendant">
                      <lang>German</lang>
                      <orth>Schwur</orth>
                    </form>
                  </form>
                </form>
              </item>
              <item>
                <form type="descendant">
                  <lang>Old High German</lang>
                  <orth>swōrō</orth>
                  <form type="descendant">
                    <lang>Middle High German</lang>
                    <orth>swuor</orth>
                    <form type="descendant">
                      <lang>German</lang>
                      <orth>Schwur</orth>
                    </form>
                  </form>
                </form>
              </item>
              <item>
                <form type="descendant">
                  <lang>Old Norse</lang>
                  <orth>svar</orth>
                  <form type="descendant">
                    <lang>Danish</lang>
                    <orth>svar</orth>
                  </form>
                  <form type="descendant">
                    <lang>Faroese</lang>
                    <orth>svar</orth>
                  </form>
                  <form type="descendant">
                    <lang>Icelandic</lang>
                    <orth>svar</orth>
                  </form>
                  <form type="descendant">
                    <lang>Norwegian Bokmål</lang>
                    <orth>svar</orth>
                  </form>
                  <form type="descendant">
                    <lang>Norwegian Nynorsk</lang>
                    <orth>svar</orth>
                  </form>
                  <form type="descendant">
                    <lang>Swedish</lang>
                    <orth>svar</orth>
                  </form>
                </form>
              </item>
            </list>
          </re>
        </entry>
      </div>
    </body>
  </text>
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