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    <fileDesc>
      <titleStmt>
        <title type="main">Wurdahuzdą: Proto-Germanic dictionary — *sweraną</title>
        <author>Scott K. Shay</author>
      </titleStmt>
      <publicationStmt>
        <publisher>Wardja Press</publisher>
        <date when="2026-10-01"/>
        <idno type="URL">https://protogermanic.org/pgmc_sweraną</idno>
      </publicationStmt>
      <sourceDesc>
        <p>Single-entry extract from the dictionary. Cross-references to other entries point to their identifiers in the full dictionary.</p>
      </sourceDesc>
    </fileDesc>
  </teiHeader>
  <text>
    <body>
      <list type="cognates">
        <item xml:id="cog_ave_xvara" xml:lang="ave" type="cognate">
          <orth>𐬓𐬀𐬭𐬀</orth>
          <form type="translit">
            <orth>xᵛara</orth>
          </form>
          <def>wound, hurt</def>
        </item>
        <item xml:id="cog_ine-x-proto_swer" xml:lang="ine-x-proto" type="etymon">
          <orth>*swer-</orth>
          <def>to resound loudly, swear</def>
        </item>
      </list>
      <div type="dictionary">
        <entry xml:id="pgmc_swerana" type="verb" corresp="https://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/Reconstruction:Proto-Germanic/sweraną">
          <form type="lemma">
            <orth>sweraną</orth>
            <pron notation="ipa">ˈswe.rɑ.nɑ̃</pron>
            <form type="runic">
              <orth>ᛊᚹᛖᚱᚨᚾᚨ</orth>
            </form>
          </form>
          <gramGrp>
            <pos>verb</pos>
            <gram type="class">Strong class 4</gram>
          </gramGrp>
          <sense n="1">
            <def>to hurt</def>
          </sense>
          <sense n="2">
            <def>to fester; ulcerate</def>
          </sense>
          <etym>
            <seg type="p">From Proto-Indo-European <mentioned xml:lang="ine-x-proto" target="#cog_ine-x-proto_swer"><ref target="#cog_ine-x-proto_swer">*swer-</ref></mentioned> (‘to ache, fester’). Possibly related to Avestan <mentioned xml:lang="ave" target="#cog_ave_xvara"><ref target="#cog_ave_xvara">𐬓𐬀𐬭𐬀</ref></mentioned> (xᵛara, ‘wound, hurt’).</seg>
          </etym>
          <re type="paradigm">
            <form type="inflected" ana="#pres #ind #act #p1 #sg">
              <orth>swerō</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#pres #subj #act #p1 #sg">
              <orth>sweraų</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#pres #ind #pass #p1 #sg">
              <orth>swerai</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#pres #ind #act #p2 #sg">
              <orth>swirizi</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#pres #subj #act #p2 #sg">
              <orth>sweraiz</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#pres #imper #act #p2 #sg">
              <orth>swer</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#pres #ind #pass #p2 #sg">
              <orth>swerazai</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#pres #subj #pass #p2 #sg">
              <orth>sweraizau</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#pres #ind #act #p3 #sg">
              <orth>swiridi</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#pres #subj #act #p3 #sg">
              <orth>swerai</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#pres #imper #act #p3 #sg">
              <orth>sweradau</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#pres #ind #pass #p3 #sg">
              <orth>sweradai</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#pres #subj #pass #p3 #sg">
              <orth>sweraidau</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#pres #ind #act #p1 #du">
              <orth>swerōz</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#pres #subj #act #p1 #du">
              <orth>sweraiw</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#pres #ind #act #p2 #du">
              <orth>sweradiz</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#pres #subj #act #p2 #du">
              <orth>sweraidiz</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#pres #imper #act #p2 #du">
              <orth>sweradiz</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#pres #ind #act #p1 #pl">
              <orth>sweramaz</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#pres #subj #act #p1 #pl">
              <orth>sweraim</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#pres #ind #pass #p1 #pl">
              <orth>swerandai</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#pres #subj #pass #p1 #pl">
              <orth>sweraindau</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#pres #ind #act #p2 #pl">
              <orth>swirid</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#pres #subj #act #p2 #pl">
              <orth>sweraid</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#pres #imper #act #p2 #pl">
              <orth>swirid</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#pres #ind #pass #p2 #pl">
              <orth>swerandai</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#pres #subj #pass #p2 #pl">
              <orth>sweraindau</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#pres #ind #act #p3 #pl">
              <orth>swerandi</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#pres #subj #act #p3 #pl">
              <orth>swerain</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#pres #imper #act #p3 #pl">
              <orth>swerandau</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#pres #ind #pass #p3 #pl">
              <orth>swerandai</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#pres #subj #pass #p3 #pl">
              <orth>sweraindau</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#past #ind #p1 #sg">
              <orth>swar</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#past #subj #p1 #sg">
              <orth>swērį̄</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#past #ind #p2 #sg">
              <orth>swart</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#past #subj #p2 #sg">
              <orth>swērīz</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#past #ind #p3 #sg">
              <orth>swar</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#past #subj #p3 #sg">
              <orth>swērī</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#past #ind #p1 #du">
              <orth>swērū</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#past #subj #p1 #du">
              <orth>swērīw</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#past #ind #p2 #du">
              <orth>swērudiz</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#past #subj #p2 #du">
              <orth>swērīdiz</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#past #ind #p1 #pl">
              <orth>swērum</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#past #subj #p1 #pl">
              <orth>swērīm</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#past #ind #p2 #pl">
              <orth>swērud</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#past #subj #p2 #pl">
              <orth>swērīd</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#past #ind #p3 #pl">
              <orth>swērun</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#past #subj #p3 #pl">
              <orth>swērīn</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="participle" subtype="present">
              <orth>swerandz</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="participle" subtype="past">
              <orth>suranaz, swuranaz</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="infinitive">
              <orth>sweraną</orth>
            </form>
          </re>
          <re type="descendants">
            <list>
              <item>
                <form type="descendant">
                  <lang>Old English</lang>
                  <orth>swor</orth>
                </form>
              </item>
              <item>
                <form type="descendant">
                  <lang>Old English</lang>
                  <orth>swarnian</orth>
                </form>
              </item>
              <item>
                <form type="descendant">
                  <lang>Old English</lang>
                  <orth>swārnian</orth>
                </form>
              </item>
              <item>
                <form type="descendant">
                  <lang>Old English</lang>
                  <orth>swornian</orth>
                </form>
              </item>
              <item>
                <form type="descendant">
                  <lang>Old Saxon</lang>
                  <orth>*sweran</orth>
                  <form type="descendant">
                    <lang>Middle Low German</lang>
                    <orth>swēren</orth>
                  </form>
                </form>
              </item>
              <item>
                <form type="descendant">
                  <lang>Old Dutch</lang>
                  <orth>*sweran</orth>
                  <form type="descendant">
                    <lang>Middle Dutch</lang>
                    <orth>swēren</orth>
                    <form type="descendant">
                      <lang>Dutch</lang>
                      <orth>zweren</orth>
                      <form type="descendant">
                        <lang>Afrikaans</lang>
                        <orth>sweer</orth>
                      </form>
                    </form>
                  </form>
                </form>
              </item>
              <item>
                <form type="descendant">
                  <lang>Old High German</lang>
                  <orth>swëran</orth>
                  <form type="descendant">
                    <lang>Middle High German</lang>
                    <orth>swërn, swëre, swër, geswër, swërde</orth>
                    <form type="descendant">
                      <lang>German</lang>
                      <orth>schwären, Geschwür</orth>
                    </form>
                  </form>
                </form>
              </item>
              <item>
                <form type="descendant">
                  <lang>Old High German</lang>
                  <orth>swëro</orth>
                  <form type="descendant">
                    <lang>Middle High German</lang>
                    <orth>swërn, swëre, swër, geswër, swërde</orth>
                    <form type="descendant">
                      <lang>German</lang>
                      <orth>schwären, Geschwür</orth>
                    </form>
                  </form>
                </form>
              </item>
              <item>
                <form type="descendant">
                  <lang>Old High German</lang>
                  <orth>swërado</orth>
                  <form type="descendant">
                    <lang>Middle High German</lang>
                    <orth>swërn, swëre, swër, geswër, swërde</orth>
                    <form type="descendant">
                      <lang>German</lang>
                      <orth>schwären, Geschwür</orth>
                    </form>
                  </form>
                </form>
              </item>
              <item>
                <form type="descendant">
                  <lang>Old High German</lang>
                  <orth>swërdo</orth>
                  <form type="descendant">
                    <lang>Middle High German</lang>
                    <orth>swërn, swëre, swër, geswër, swërde</orth>
                    <form type="descendant">
                      <lang>German</lang>
                      <orth>schwären, Geschwür</orth>
                    </form>
                  </form>
                </form>
              </item>
            </list>
          </re>
        </entry>
      </div>
    </body>
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