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    <fileDesc>
      <titleStmt>
        <title type="main">Wurdahuzdą: Proto-Germanic dictionary — *swerbaną</title>
        <author>Scott K. Shay</author>
      </titleStmt>
      <publicationStmt>
        <publisher>Wardja Press</publisher>
        <date when="2026-10-02"/>
        <idno type="URL">https://protogermanic.org/pgmc_swerbaną</idno>
      </publicationStmt>
      <sourceDesc>
        <p>Single-entry extract from the dictionary. Cross-references to other entries point to their identifiers in the full dictionary.</p>
      </sourceDesc>
    </fileDesc>
  </teiHeader>
  <text>
    <body>
      <list type="cognates">
        <item xml:id="cog_ine-x-proto_swerbh" xml:lang="ine-x-proto" type="etymon">
          <orth>*swerbʰ-</orth>
          <def>to turn; wipe; sweep</def>
        </item>
      </list>
      <div type="dictionary">
        <entry xml:id="pgmc_swerbana" type="verb" corresp="https://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/Reconstruction:Proto-Germanic/swerbaną">
          <form type="lemma">
            <orth>swerbaną</orth>
            <pron notation="ipa">ˈswer.βɑ.nɑ̃</pron>
            <form type="runic">
              <orth>ᛊᚹᛖᚱᛒᚨᚾᚨ</orth>
            </form>
          </form>
          <gramGrp>
            <pos>verb</pos>
            <gram type="class">Strong class 3</gram>
          </gramGrp>
          <sense n="1">
            <def>to rub; wipe; polish</def>
          </sense>
          <sense n="2">
            <def>to file</def>
          </sense>
          <etym>
            <seg type="p">From Proto-Indo-European <mentioned xml:lang="ine-x-proto" target="#cog_ine-x-proto_swerbh"><ref target="#cog_ine-x-proto_swerbh">*swerbʰ-</ref></mentioned> (‘to turn; wipe; sweep’).</seg>
          </etym>
          <re type="paradigm">
            <form type="inflected" ana="#pres #ind #act #p1 #sg">
              <orth>swerbō</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#pres #subj #act #p1 #sg">
              <orth>swerbaų</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#pres #ind #pass #p1 #sg">
              <orth>swerbai</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#pres #ind #act #p2 #sg">
              <orth>swirbizi</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#pres #subj #act #p2 #sg">
              <orth>swerbaiz</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#pres #imper #act #p2 #sg">
              <orth>swerb</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#pres #ind #pass #p2 #sg">
              <orth>swerbazai</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#pres #subj #pass #p2 #sg">
              <orth>swerbaizau</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#pres #ind #act #p3 #sg">
              <orth>swirbidi</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#pres #subj #act #p3 #sg">
              <orth>swerbai</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#pres #imper #act #p3 #sg">
              <orth>swerbadau</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#pres #ind #pass #p3 #sg">
              <orth>swerbadai</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#pres #subj #pass #p3 #sg">
              <orth>swerbaidau</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#pres #ind #act #p1 #du">
              <orth>swerbōz</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#pres #subj #act #p1 #du">
              <orth>swerbaiw</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#pres #ind #act #p2 #du">
              <orth>swerbadiz</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#pres #subj #act #p2 #du">
              <orth>swerbaidiz</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#pres #imper #act #p2 #du">
              <orth>swerbadiz</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#pres #ind #act #p1 #pl">
              <orth>swerbamaz</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#pres #subj #act #p1 #pl">
              <orth>swerbaim</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#pres #ind #pass #p1 #pl">
              <orth>swerbandai</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#pres #subj #pass #p1 #pl">
              <orth>swerbaindau</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#pres #ind #act #p2 #pl">
              <orth>swirbid</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#pres #subj #act #p2 #pl">
              <orth>swerbaid</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#pres #imper #act #p2 #pl">
              <orth>swirbid</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#pres #ind #pass #p2 #pl">
              <orth>swerbandai</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#pres #subj #pass #p2 #pl">
              <orth>swerbaindau</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#pres #ind #act #p3 #pl">
              <orth>swerbandi</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#pres #subj #act #p3 #pl">
              <orth>swerbain</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#pres #imper #act #p3 #pl">
              <orth>swerbandau</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#pres #ind #pass #p3 #pl">
              <orth>swerbandai</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#pres #subj #pass #p3 #pl">
              <orth>swerbaindau</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#past #ind #p1 #sg">
              <orth>swarb</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#past #subj #p1 #sg">
              <orth>swurbį̄</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#past #ind #p2 #sg">
              <orth>swarft</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#past #subj #p2 #sg">
              <orth>swurbīz</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#past #ind #p3 #sg">
              <orth>swarb</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#past #subj #p3 #sg">
              <orth>swurbī</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#past #ind #p1 #du">
              <orth>swurbū</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#past #subj #p1 #du">
              <orth>swurbīw</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#past #ind #p2 #du">
              <orth>swurbudiz</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#past #subj #p2 #du">
              <orth>swurbīdiz</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#past #ind #p1 #pl">
              <orth>swurbum</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#past #subj #p1 #pl">
              <orth>swurbīm</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#past #ind #p2 #pl">
              <orth>swurbud</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#past #subj #p2 #pl">
              <orth>swurbīd</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#past #ind #p3 #pl">
              <orth>swurbun</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#past #subj #p3 #pl">
              <orth>swurbīn</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="participle" subtype="present">
              <orth>swerbandz</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="participle" subtype="past">
              <orth>swurbanaz</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="infinitive">
              <orth>swerbaną</orth>
            </form>
          </re>
          <re type="descendants">
            <list>
              <item>
                <form type="descendant">
                  <lang>Old English</lang>
                  <orth>sweorfan</orth>
                  <form type="descendant">
                    <lang>Middle English</lang>
                    <orth>swerven, swarven</orth>
                    <form type="descendant">
                      <lang>English</lang>
                      <orth>swerve, swarve</orth>
                    </form>
                    <form type="descendant">
                      <lang>Scots</lang>
                      <orth>swerfe, swarfe, swerve, swarve</orth>
                    </form>
                  </form>
                </form>
              </item>
              <item>
                <form type="descendant">
                  <lang>Old Frisian</lang>
                  <orth>swerva</orth>
                  <form type="descendant">
                    <lang>West Frisian</lang>
                    <orth>swerve</orth>
                  </form>
                </form>
              </item>
              <item>
                <form type="descendant">
                  <lang>Old Saxon</lang>
                  <orth>swerban</orth>
                  <form type="descendant">
                    <lang>Middle Low German</lang>
                    <orth>swerven</orth>
                    <form type="descendant">
                      <lang>Low German</lang>
                      <orth>swarven</orth>
                    </form>
                  </form>
                </form>
              </item>
              <item>
                <form type="descendant">
                  <lang>Old Saxon</lang>
                  <orth>swervan</orth>
                  <form type="descendant">
                    <lang>Middle Low German</lang>
                    <orth>swerven</orth>
                    <form type="descendant">
                      <lang>Low German</lang>
                      <orth>swarven</orth>
                    </form>
                  </form>
                </form>
              </item>
              <item>
                <form type="descendant">
                  <lang>Old Dutch</lang>
                  <orth>*swervan</orth>
                  <form type="descendant">
                    <lang>Middle Dutch</lang>
                    <orth>swerven</orth>
                    <form type="descendant">
                      <lang>Dutch</lang>
                      <orth>zwerven</orth>
                      <form type="descendant">
                        <lang>Dutch</lang>
                        <orth>swerf, swerwe</orth>
                      </form>
                    </form>
                  </form>
                </form>
              </item>
              <item>
                <form type="descendant">
                  <lang>Old High German</lang>
                  <orth>swerban</orth>
                  <form type="descendant">
                    <lang>Middle High German</lang>
                    <orth>swerben</orth>
                    <form type="descendant">
                      <lang>Middle High German</lang>
                      <orth>swirbelen, swirbeln</orth>
                      <form type="descendant">
                        <lang>German</lang>
                        <orth>schwirbeln</orth>
                      </form>
                    </form>
                  </form>
                </form>
              </item>
              <item>
                <form type="descendant">
                  <lang>Old Norse</lang>
                  <orth>sverfa</orth>
                  <form type="descendant">
                    <lang>Icelandic</lang>
                    <orth>sverfa</orth>
                  </form>
                  <form type="descendant">
                    <lang>Norwegian Nynorsk</lang>
                    <orth>sverva</orth>
                  </form>
                  <form type="descendant">
                    <lang>Swedish</lang>
                    <orth>svärva</orth>
                  </form>
                </form>
              </item>
              <item>
                <form type="descendant">
                  <lang>Gothic</lang>
                  <orth>*𐍃𐍅𐌰𐌹𐍂𐌱𐌰𐌽 (*swairban)</orth>
                </form>
              </item>
            </list>
          </re>
        </entry>
      </div>
    </body>
  </text>
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