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    <fileDesc>
      <titleStmt>
        <title type="main">Wurdahuzdą: Proto-Germanic dictionary — *swerkaną</title>
        <author>Scott K. Shay</author>
      </titleStmt>
      <publicationStmt>
        <publisher>Wardja Press</publisher>
        <date when="2026-10-01"/>
        <idno type="URL">https://protogermanic.org/pgmc_swerkaną</idno>
      </publicationStmt>
      <sourceDesc>
        <p>Single-entry extract from the dictionary. Cross-references to other entries point to their identifiers in the full dictionary.</p>
      </sourceDesc>
    </fileDesc>
  </teiHeader>
  <text>
    <body>
      <div type="dictionary">
        <entry xml:id="pgmc_swerkana" type="verb" corresp="https://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/Reconstruction:Proto-Germanic/swerkaną">
          <form type="lemma">
            <orth>swerkaną</orth>
            <pron notation="ipa">ˈswer.kɑ.nɑ̃</pron>
            <form type="runic">
              <orth>ᛊᚹᛖᚱᚲᚨᚾᚨ</orth>
            </form>
          </form>
          <gramGrp>
            <pos>verb</pos>
            <gram type="class">Strong class 3</gram>
          </gramGrp>
          <sense n="1">
            <def>to darken, be obscured</def>
          </sense>
          <etym>
            <seg type="p">From Proto-Indo-European *swerg-.</seg>
          </etym>
          <re type="paradigm">
            <form type="inflected" ana="#pres #ind #act #p1 #sg">
              <orth>swerkō</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#pres #subj #act #p1 #sg">
              <orth>swerkaų</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#pres #ind #pass #p1 #sg">
              <orth>swerkai</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#pres #ind #act #p2 #sg">
              <orth>swirkizi</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#pres #subj #act #p2 #sg">
              <orth>swerkaiz</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#pres #imper #act #p2 #sg">
              <orth>swerk</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#pres #ind #pass #p2 #sg">
              <orth>swerkazai</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#pres #subj #pass #p2 #sg">
              <orth>swerkaizau</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#pres #ind #act #p3 #sg">
              <orth>swirkidi</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#pres #subj #act #p3 #sg">
              <orth>swerkai</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#pres #imper #act #p3 #sg">
              <orth>swerkadau</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#pres #ind #pass #p3 #sg">
              <orth>swerkadai</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#pres #subj #pass #p3 #sg">
              <orth>swerkaidau</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#pres #ind #act #p1 #du">
              <orth>swerkōz</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#pres #subj #act #p1 #du">
              <orth>swerkaiw</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#pres #ind #act #p2 #du">
              <orth>swerkadiz</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#pres #subj #act #p2 #du">
              <orth>swerkaidiz</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#pres #imper #act #p2 #du">
              <orth>swerkadiz</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#pres #ind #act #p1 #pl">
              <orth>swerkamaz</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#pres #subj #act #p1 #pl">
              <orth>swerkaim</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#pres #ind #pass #p1 #pl">
              <orth>swerkandai</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#pres #subj #pass #p1 #pl">
              <orth>swerkaindau</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#pres #ind #act #p2 #pl">
              <orth>swirkid</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#pres #subj #act #p2 #pl">
              <orth>swerkaid</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#pres #imper #act #p2 #pl">
              <orth>swirkid</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#pres #ind #pass #p2 #pl">
              <orth>swerkandai</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#pres #subj #pass #p2 #pl">
              <orth>swerkaindau</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#pres #ind #act #p3 #pl">
              <orth>swerkandi</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#pres #subj #act #p3 #pl">
              <orth>swerkain</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#pres #imper #act #p3 #pl">
              <orth>swerkandau</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#pres #ind #pass #p3 #pl">
              <orth>swerkandai</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#pres #subj #pass #p3 #pl">
              <orth>swerkaindau</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#past #ind #p1 #sg">
              <orth>swark</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#past #subj #p1 #sg">
              <orth>swurkį̄</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#past #ind #p2 #sg">
              <orth>swarht</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#past #subj #p2 #sg">
              <orth>swurkīz</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#past #ind #p3 #sg">
              <orth>swark</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#past #subj #p3 #sg">
              <orth>swurkī</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#past #ind #p1 #du">
              <orth>swurkū</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#past #subj #p1 #du">
              <orth>swurkīw</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#past #ind #p2 #du">
              <orth>swurkudiz</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#past #subj #p2 #du">
              <orth>swurkīdiz</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#past #ind #p1 #pl">
              <orth>swurkum</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#past #subj #p1 #pl">
              <orth>swurkīm</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#past #ind #p2 #pl">
              <orth>swurkud</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#past #subj #p2 #pl">
              <orth>swurkīd</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#past #ind #p3 #pl">
              <orth>swurkun</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#past #subj #p3 #pl">
              <orth>swurkīn</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="participle" subtype="present">
              <orth>swerkandz</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="participle" subtype="past">
              <orth>swurkanaz</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="infinitive">
              <orth>swerkaną</orth>
            </form>
          </re>
          <re type="descendants">
            <list>
              <item>
                <form type="descendant">
                  <lang>Proto-West Germanic</lang>
                  <orth>*swerkan</orth>
                  <form type="descendant">
                    <lang>Old Frisian</lang>
                    <orth>swerka</orth>
                  </form>
                  <form type="descendant">
                    <lang>Old High German</lang>
                    <orth>swerchan</orth>
                  </form>
                </form>
              </item>
              <item>
                <form type="descendant">
                  <lang>Proto-West Germanic</lang>
                  <orth>*swerkan</orth>
                  <form type="descendant">
                    <lang>Old Dutch</lang>
                    <orth>*swerkan</orth>
                    <form type="descendant">
                      <lang>Middle Dutch</lang>
                      <orth>swerken</orth>
                    </form>
                  </form>
                </form>
              </item>
              <item>
                <form type="descendant">
                  <lang>Proto-West Germanic</lang>
                  <orth>*swerkan</orth>
                  <form type="descendant">
                    <lang>Old English</lang>
                    <orth>sweorcan</orth>
                    <form type="descendant">
                      <lang>Middle English</lang>
                      <orth>*swerken, swærken, swurken</orth>
                    </form>
                  </form>
                </form>
              </item>
              <item>
                <form type="descendant">
                  <lang>Proto-West Germanic</lang>
                  <orth>*swerkan</orth>
                  <form type="descendant">
                    <lang>Old Saxon</lang>
                    <orth>swerkan</orth>
                    <form type="descendant">
                      <lang>Middle Low German</lang>
                      <orth>swerken</orth>
                      <form type="descendant">
                        <lang>Low German</lang>
                        <orth>swerken, schwerken</orth>
                      </form>
                    </form>
                  </form>
                </form>
              </item>
            </list>
          </re>
        </entry>
      </div>
    </body>
  </text>
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