<?xml version='1.0' encoding='UTF-8'?>
<TEI xmlns="http://www.tei-c.org/ns/1.0" xml:lang="en" version="4.12.0">
  <teiHeader>
    <fileDesc>
      <titleStmt>
        <title type="main">Wurdahuzdą: Proto-Germanic dictionary — *swiknaz</title>
        <author>Scott K. Shay</author>
      </titleStmt>
      <publicationStmt>
        <publisher>Wardja Press</publisher>
        <date when="2026-10-02"/>
        <idno type="URL">https://protogermanic.org/pgmc_swiknaz</idno>
      </publicationStmt>
      <sourceDesc>
        <p>Single-entry extract from the dictionary. Cross-references to other entries point to their identifiers in the full dictionary.</p>
      </sourceDesc>
    </fileDesc>
  </teiHeader>
  <text>
    <body>
      <listBibl>
        <biblStruct xmlns="http://www.tei-c.org/ns/1.0" type="book" xml:id="ringe2017" corresp="http://zotero.org/users/21108209/items/JNX9KYWA">
          <monogr>
            <title level="m">From Proto-Indo-European to Proto-Germanic (A Linguistic History of English, 2nd edition)</title>
            <author>
              <forename>Don</forename>
              <surname>Ringe</surname>
            </author>
            <imprint>
              <pubPlace>Oxford</pubPlace>
              <publisher>Oxford University Press</publisher>
              <date>2017</date>
            </imprint>
          </monogr>
        </biblStruct>
      </listBibl>
      <div type="dictionary">
        <entry xml:id="pgmc_swiknaz" type="adj" corresp="https://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/Reconstruction:Proto-Germanic/swiknaz">
          <form type="lemma">
            <orth>swiknaz</orth>
            <pron notation="ipa">ˈswik.nɑz</pron>
            <form type="runic">
              <orth>ᛊᚹᛁᚲᚾᚨᛉ</orth>
            </form>
          </form>
          <gramGrp>
            <pos>adj</pos>
            <gram type="stem">a-stem</gram>
          </gramGrp>
          <sense n="1">
            <def>pure</def>
          </sense>
          <sense n="2">
            <def>innocent</def>
          </sense>
          <etym>
            <seg type="p">According to <bibl corresp="#ringe2017" n="97">Ringe 2017: 97</bibl> “PIE *h₁su-Hiǵnós ‘good to venerate’ (cf. Skt su-, Homeric Gk ἐϋ- /eu-/ ‘good, well’; Skt yajñás ‘sacrifice’, Gk ἁγνός ‘pure’ with full-grade *Hyaǵ-) &gt; *suignós &gt; PGmc *swiknaz ‘pure’ (cf. Goth. swikns).”</seg>
          </etym>
          <re type="paradigm">
            <form type="inflected" ana="#sg #nom #masc #strong">
              <orth>swiknaz</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#sg #nom #fem #strong">
              <orth>swiknō</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#sg #nom #neut #strong">
              <orth>swikną, -at, -atō</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#pl #nom #masc #strong">
              <orth>swiknai</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#pl #nom #fem #strong">
              <orth>swiknôz</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#pl #nom #neut #strong">
              <orth>swiknō</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#sg #acc #masc #strong">
              <orth>swiknanǭ</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#sg #acc #fem #strong">
              <orth>swiknǭ</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#sg #acc #neut #strong">
              <orth>swikną, -at, -atō</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#pl #acc #masc #strong">
              <orth>swiknanz</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#pl #acc #fem #strong">
              <orth>swiknōz</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#pl #acc #neut #strong">
              <orth>swiknō</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#sg #gen #masc #strong">
              <orth>swiknas, swiknis</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#sg #gen #fem #strong">
              <orth>swiknaizōz</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#sg #gen #neut #strong">
              <orth>swiknas, swiknis</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#pl #gen #masc #strong">
              <orth>swiknaizǫ̂</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#pl #gen #fem #strong">
              <orth>swiknaizǫ̂</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#pl #gen #neut #strong">
              <orth>swiknaizǫ̂</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#sg #dat #masc #strong">
              <orth>swiknammai</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#sg #dat #fem #strong">
              <orth>swiknaizōi</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#sg #dat #neut #strong">
              <orth>swiknammai</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#pl #dat #masc #strong">
              <orth>swiknaimaz</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#pl #dat #fem #strong">
              <orth>swiknaimaz</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#pl #dat #neut #strong">
              <orth>swiknaimaz</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#sg #instr #masc #strong">
              <orth>swiknanō</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#sg #instr #fem #strong">
              <orth>swiknaizō</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#sg #instr #neut #strong">
              <orth>swiknanō</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#pl #instr #masc #strong">
              <orth>swiknaimiz</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#pl #instr #fem #strong">
              <orth>swiknaimiz</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#pl #instr #neut #strong">
              <orth>swiknaimiz</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#sg #nom #masc #weak">
              <orth>swiknô</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#sg #nom #fem #weak">
              <orth>swiknǭ</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#sg #nom #neut #weak">
              <orth>swiknô</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#pl #nom #masc #weak">
              <orth>swiknaniz</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#pl #nom #fem #weak">
              <orth>swiknōniz</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#pl #nom #neut #weak">
              <orth>swiknōnō</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#sg #acc #masc #weak">
              <orth>swiknanų</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#sg #acc #fem #weak">
              <orth>swiknōnų</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#sg #acc #neut #weak">
              <orth>swiknô</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#pl #acc #masc #weak">
              <orth>swiknanunz</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#pl #acc #fem #weak">
              <orth>swiknōnunz</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#pl #acc #neut #weak">
              <orth>swiknōnō</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#sg #gen #masc #weak">
              <orth>swikniniz</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#sg #gen #fem #weak">
              <orth>swiknōniz</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#sg #gen #neut #weak">
              <orth>swikniniz</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#pl #gen #masc #weak">
              <orth>swiknanǫ̂</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#pl #gen #fem #weak">
              <orth>swiknōnǫ̂</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#pl #gen #neut #weak">
              <orth>swiknanǫ̂</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#sg #dat #masc #weak">
              <orth>swiknini</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#sg #dat #fem #weak">
              <orth>swiknōni</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#sg #dat #neut #weak">
              <orth>swiknini</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#pl #dat #masc #weak">
              <orth>swiknammaz</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#pl #dat #fem #weak">
              <orth>swiknōmaz</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#pl #dat #neut #weak">
              <orth>swiknammaz</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#sg #instr #masc #weak">
              <orth>swikninē</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#sg #instr #fem #weak">
              <orth>swiknōnē</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#sg #instr #neut #weak">
              <orth>swikninē</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#pl #instr #masc #weak">
              <orth>swiknammiz</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#pl #instr #fem #weak">
              <orth>swiknōmiz</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#pl #instr #neut #weak">
              <orth>swiknammiz</orth>
            </form>
          </re>
          <re type="descendants">
            <list>
              <item>
                <form type="descendant">
                  <lang>Old Norse</lang>
                  <orth>sykn</orth>
                </form>
              </item>
              <item>
                <form type="descendant">
                  <lang>Gothic</lang>
                  <orth>𐍃𐍅𐌹𐌺𐌽𐍃 (swikns)</orth>
                </form>
              </item>
            </list>
          </re>
        </entry>
      </div>
    </body>
  </text>
</TEI>
