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    <fileDesc>
      <titleStmt>
        <title type="main">Wurdahuzdą: Proto-Germanic dictionary — *swimmaną</title>
        <author>Scott K. Shay</author>
      </titleStmt>
      <publicationStmt>
        <publisher>Wardja Press</publisher>
        <date when="2026-10-02"/>
        <idno type="URL">https://protogermanic.org/pgmc_swimmaną</idno>
      </publicationStmt>
      <sourceDesc>
        <p>Single-entry extract from the dictionary. Cross-references to other entries point to their identifiers in the full dictionary.</p>
      </sourceDesc>
    </fileDesc>
  </teiHeader>
  <text>
    <body>
      <list type="cognates">
        <item xml:id="cog_sga_seinnid" xml:lang="sga" type="cognate">
          <orth>seinnid</orth>
          <def>to reach, bring</def>
        </item>
      </list>
      <div type="dictionary">
        <entry xml:id="pgmc_swimmana" type="verb" corresp="https://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/Reconstruction:Proto-Germanic/swimmaną">
          <form type="lemma">
            <orth>swimmaną</orth>
            <pron notation="ipa">ˈswim.mɑ.nɑ̃</pron>
            <form type="runic">
              <orth>ᛊᚹᛁᛗᚨᚾᚨ</orth>
            </form>
          </form>
          <gramGrp>
            <pos>verb</pos>
            <gram type="class">Strong class 3</gram>
          </gramGrp>
          <sense n="1">
            <def>to be unsteady</def>
          </sense>
          <sense n="2">
            <def>to swim; float</def>
          </sense>
          <etym>
            <seg type="p">Of uncertain origin. Appears to stem from a quasi-Indo-European root *swem(bʰ)- (‘to be unsteady, move, swim’), albeit with no certain cognates outside of Germanic. Kroonen rejects phonetic and semantic connection to Old Irish <mentioned xml:lang="sga" target="#cog_sga_seinnid"><ref target="#cog_sga_seinnid">seinnid</ref></mentioned> (‘to reach, bring’). Orel (who reconstructs the Proto-Germanic as *swemmaną) considers the word a secondary ablaut of Proto-Germanic *swīmaną (‘to move back and forth’), which he derives from a hypothetical earlier *swīp-m-anan and tentatively connects to *swaipaną (‘to sweep’). This is semantically attractive, though requires a somewhat phonetically bold pre-form.</seg>
          </etym>
          <re type="paradigm">
            <form type="inflected" ana="#pres #ind #act #p1 #sg">
              <orth>swimmō</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#pres #subj #act #p1 #sg">
              <orth>swimmaų</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#pres #ind #pass #p1 #sg">
              <orth>swimmai</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#pres #ind #act #p2 #sg">
              <orth>swimmizi</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#pres #subj #act #p2 #sg">
              <orth>swimmaiz</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#pres #imper #act #p2 #sg">
              <orth>swimm</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#pres #ind #pass #p2 #sg">
              <orth>swimmazai</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#pres #subj #pass #p2 #sg">
              <orth>swimmaizau</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#pres #ind #act #p3 #sg">
              <orth>swimmidi</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#pres #subj #act #p3 #sg">
              <orth>swimmai</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#pres #imper #act #p3 #sg">
              <orth>swimmadau</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#pres #ind #pass #p3 #sg">
              <orth>swimmadai</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#pres #subj #pass #p3 #sg">
              <orth>swimmaidau</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#pres #ind #act #p1 #du">
              <orth>swimmōz</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#pres #subj #act #p1 #du">
              <orth>swimmaiw</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#pres #ind #act #p2 #du">
              <orth>swimmadiz</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#pres #subj #act #p2 #du">
              <orth>swimmaidiz</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#pres #imper #act #p2 #du">
              <orth>swimmadiz</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#pres #ind #act #p1 #pl">
              <orth>swimmamaz</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#pres #subj #act #p1 #pl">
              <orth>swimmaim</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#pres #ind #pass #p1 #pl">
              <orth>swimmandai</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#pres #subj #pass #p1 #pl">
              <orth>swimmaindau</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#pres #ind #act #p2 #pl">
              <orth>swimmid</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#pres #subj #act #p2 #pl">
              <orth>swimmaid</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#pres #imper #act #p2 #pl">
              <orth>swimmid</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#pres #ind #pass #p2 #pl">
              <orth>swimmandai</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#pres #subj #pass #p2 #pl">
              <orth>swimmaindau</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#pres #ind #act #p3 #pl">
              <orth>swimmandi</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#pres #subj #act #p3 #pl">
              <orth>swimmain</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#pres #imper #act #p3 #pl">
              <orth>swimmandau</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#pres #ind #pass #p3 #pl">
              <orth>swimmandai</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#pres #subj #pass #p3 #pl">
              <orth>swimmaindau</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#past #ind #p1 #sg">
              <orth>swamm</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#past #subj #p1 #sg">
              <orth>summį̄</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#past #ind #p2 #sg">
              <orth>swammt</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#past #subj #p2 #sg">
              <orth>summīz</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#past #ind #p3 #sg">
              <orth>swamm</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#past #subj #p3 #sg">
              <orth>summī</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#past #ind #p1 #du">
              <orth>summū</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#past #subj #p1 #du">
              <orth>summīw</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#past #ind #p2 #du">
              <orth>summudiz</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#past #subj #p2 #du">
              <orth>summīdiz</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#past #ind #p1 #pl">
              <orth>summum</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#past #subj #p1 #pl">
              <orth>summīm</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#past #ind #p2 #pl">
              <orth>summud</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#past #subj #p2 #pl">
              <orth>summīd</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#past #ind #p3 #pl">
              <orth>summun</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#past #subj #p3 #pl">
              <orth>summīn</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="participle" subtype="present">
              <orth>swimmandz</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="participle" subtype="past">
              <orth>summanaz</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="infinitive">
              <orth>swimmaną</orth>
            </form>
          </re>
          <re type="descendants">
            <list>
              <item>
                <form type="descendant">
                  <lang>Proto-West Germanic</lang>
                  <orth>*swimman</orth>
                  <form type="descendant">
                    <lang>Old Dutch</lang>
                    <orth>*swimman</orth>
                    <form type="descendant">
                      <lang>Middle Dutch</lang>
                      <orth>swemmen</orth>
                      <form type="descendant">
                        <lang>Dutch</lang>
                        <orth>zwemmen</orth>
                      </form>
                      <form type="descendant">
                        <lang>Limburgish</lang>
                        <orth>zwömme</orth>
                      </form>
                    </form>
                  </form>
                </form>
              </item>
              <item>
                <form type="descendant">
                  <lang>Proto-West Germanic</lang>
                  <orth>*swimman</orth>
                  <form type="descendant">
                    <lang>Old English</lang>
                    <orth>swimman</orth>
                    <form type="descendant">
                      <lang>Middle English</lang>
                      <orth>swymmen, suymmyne, sweme, swemmen, swimmen, swyme, swymme, squim</orth>
                      <form type="descendant">
                        <lang>English</lang>
                        <orth>swim</orth>
                      </form>
                      <form type="descendant">
                        <lang>Scots</lang>
                        <orth>sweem, soom</orth>
                      </form>
                    </form>
                  </form>
                </form>
              </item>
              <item>
                <form type="descendant">
                  <lang>Proto-West Germanic</lang>
                  <orth>*swimman</orth>
                  <form type="descendant">
                    <lang>Old Frisian</lang>
                    <orth>swimma</orth>
                    <form type="descendant">
                      <lang>Saterland Frisian</lang>
                      <orth>swimme</orth>
                    </form>
                    <form type="descendant">
                      <lang>West Frisian</lang>
                      <orth>swimme</orth>
                    </form>
                  </form>
                </form>
              </item>
              <item>
                <form type="descendant">
                  <lang>Proto-West Germanic</lang>
                  <orth>*swimman</orth>
                  <form type="descendant">
                    <lang>Old High German</lang>
                    <orth>swimman</orth>
                    <form type="descendant">
                      <lang>Middle High German</lang>
                      <orth>swimmen</orth>
                      <form type="descendant">
                        <lang>Bavarian</lang>
                        <orth>schwimma</orth>
                      </form>
                      <form type="descendant">
                        <lang>German</lang>
                        <orth>schwimmen</orth>
                      </form>
                      <form type="descendant">
                        <lang>Luxembourgish</lang>
                        <orth>schwammen</orth>
                      </form>
                      <form type="descendant">
                        <lang>Vilamovian</lang>
                        <orth>śwyma</orth>
                      </form>
                      <form type="descendant">
                        <lang>Yiddish</lang>
                        <orth>שווימען (shvimen)</orth>
                      </form>
                    </form>
                  </form>
                </form>
              </item>
              <item>
                <form type="descendant">
                  <lang>Proto-West Germanic</lang>
                  <orth>*swimman</orth>
                  <form type="descendant">
                    <lang>Old Saxon</lang>
                    <orth>swimman</orth>
                    <form type="descendant">
                      <lang>Middle Low German</lang>
                      <orth>swemmen</orth>
                      <form type="descendant">
                        <lang>Low German</lang>
                        <orth>swimmen, swemmen</orth>
                      </form>
                      <form type="descendant">
                        <lang>Plautdietsch</lang>
                        <orth>schwamen</orth>
                      </form>
                    </form>
                  </form>
                </form>
              </item>
              <item>
                <form type="descendant">
                  <lang>Old Norse</lang>
                  <orth>svimma</orth>
                  <form type="descendant">
                    <lang>Elfdalian</lang>
                    <orth>simma</orth>
                  </form>
                  <form type="descendant">
                    <lang>Faroese</lang>
                    <orth>svimja</orth>
                  </form>
                  <form type="descendant">
                    <lang>Gutnish</lang>
                    <orth>sime</orth>
                  </form>
                  <form type="descendant">
                    <lang>Icelandic</lang>
                    <orth>svimma, svima, symja</orth>
                  </form>
                  <form type="descendant">
                    <lang>Jamtish</lang>
                    <orth>symi</orth>
                  </form>
                  <form type="descendant">
                    <lang>Norn</lang>
                    <orth>suma</orth>
                  </form>
                  <form type="descendant">
                    <lang>Norwegian Nynorsk</lang>
                    <orth>symja, svemja</orth>
                  </form>
                  <form type="descendant">
                    <lang>Scanian</lang>
                    <orth>sømma</orth>
                  </form>
                </form>
              </item>
              <item>
                <form type="descendant">
                  <lang>Old Norse</lang>
                  <orth>svimma</orth>
                  <form type="descendant">
                    <lang>Old Danish</lang>
                    <orth>swimmæ</orth>
                    <form type="descendant">
                      <lang>Danish</lang>
                      <orth>svømme, svemme</orth>
                      <form type="descendant">
                        <lang>Norwegian Bokmål</lang>
                        <orth>svømme</orth>
                        <form type="descendant">
                          <lang>Norwegian Nynorsk</lang>
                          <orth>svømma</orth>
                        </form>
                      </form>
                    </form>
                  </form>
                </form>
              </item>
              <item>
                <form type="descendant">
                  <lang>Old Norse</lang>
                  <orth>svimma</orth>
                  <form type="descendant">
                    <lang>Old Swedish</lang>
                    <orth>symma</orth>
                    <form type="descendant">
                      <lang>Swedish</lang>
                      <orth>simma</orth>
                    </form>
                  </form>
                </form>
              </item>
              <item>
                <form type="descendant">
                  <lang>Old Norse</lang>
                  <orth>symja</orth>
                  <form type="descendant">
                    <lang>Elfdalian</lang>
                    <orth>simma</orth>
                  </form>
                  <form type="descendant">
                    <lang>Faroese</lang>
                    <orth>svimja</orth>
                  </form>
                  <form type="descendant">
                    <lang>Gutnish</lang>
                    <orth>sime</orth>
                  </form>
                  <form type="descendant">
                    <lang>Icelandic</lang>
                    <orth>svimma, svima, symja</orth>
                  </form>
                  <form type="descendant">
                    <lang>Jamtish</lang>
                    <orth>symi</orth>
                  </form>
                  <form type="descendant">
                    <lang>Norn</lang>
                    <orth>suma</orth>
                  </form>
                  <form type="descendant">
                    <lang>Norwegian Nynorsk</lang>
                    <orth>symja, svemja</orth>
                  </form>
                  <form type="descendant">
                    <lang>Scanian</lang>
                    <orth>sømma</orth>
                  </form>
                </form>
              </item>
              <item>
                <form type="descendant">
                  <lang>Old Norse</lang>
                  <orth>symja</orth>
                  <form type="descendant">
                    <lang>Old Danish</lang>
                    <orth>swimmæ</orth>
                    <form type="descendant">
                      <lang>Danish</lang>
                      <orth>svømme, svemme</orth>
                      <form type="descendant">
                        <lang>Norwegian Bokmål</lang>
                        <orth>svømme</orth>
                        <form type="descendant">
                          <lang>Norwegian Nynorsk</lang>
                          <orth>svømma</orth>
                        </form>
                      </form>
                    </form>
                  </form>
                </form>
              </item>
              <item>
                <form type="descendant">
                  <lang>Old Norse</lang>
                  <orth>symja</orth>
                  <form type="descendant">
                    <lang>Old Swedish</lang>
                    <orth>symma</orth>
                    <form type="descendant">
                      <lang>Swedish</lang>
                      <orth>simma</orth>
                    </form>
                  </form>
                </form>
              </item>
              <item>
                <form type="descendant">
                  <lang>Old Norse</lang>
                  <orth>svima</orth>
                  <form type="descendant">
                    <lang>Elfdalian</lang>
                    <orth>simma</orth>
                  </form>
                  <form type="descendant">
                    <lang>Faroese</lang>
                    <orth>svimja</orth>
                  </form>
                  <form type="descendant">
                    <lang>Gutnish</lang>
                    <orth>sime</orth>
                  </form>
                  <form type="descendant">
                    <lang>Icelandic</lang>
                    <orth>svimma, svima, symja</orth>
                  </form>
                  <form type="descendant">
                    <lang>Jamtish</lang>
                    <orth>symi</orth>
                  </form>
                  <form type="descendant">
                    <lang>Norn</lang>
                    <orth>suma</orth>
                  </form>
                  <form type="descendant">
                    <lang>Norwegian Nynorsk</lang>
                    <orth>symja, svemja</orth>
                  </form>
                  <form type="descendant">
                    <lang>Scanian</lang>
                    <orth>sømma</orth>
                  </form>
                </form>
              </item>
              <item>
                <form type="descendant">
                  <lang>Old Norse</lang>
                  <orth>svima</orth>
                  <form type="descendant">
                    <lang>Old Danish</lang>
                    <orth>swimmæ</orth>
                    <form type="descendant">
                      <lang>Danish</lang>
                      <orth>svømme, svemme</orth>
                      <form type="descendant">
                        <lang>Norwegian Bokmål</lang>
                        <orth>svømme</orth>
                        <form type="descendant">
                          <lang>Norwegian Nynorsk</lang>
                          <orth>svømma</orth>
                        </form>
                      </form>
                    </form>
                  </form>
                </form>
              </item>
              <item>
                <form type="descendant">
                  <lang>Old Norse</lang>
                  <orth>svima</orth>
                  <form type="descendant">
                    <lang>Old Swedish</lang>
                    <orth>symma</orth>
                    <form type="descendant">
                      <lang>Swedish</lang>
                      <orth>simma</orth>
                    </form>
                  </form>
                </form>
              </item>
            </list>
          </re>
        </entry>
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