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    <fileDesc>
      <titleStmt>
        <title type="main">Wurdahuzdą: Proto-Germanic dictionary — *swindaną</title>
        <author>Scott K. Shay</author>
      </titleStmt>
      <publicationStmt>
        <publisher>Wardja Press</publisher>
        <date when="2026-10-02"/>
        <idno type="URL">https://protogermanic.org/pgmc_swindaną</idno>
      </publicationStmt>
      <sourceDesc>
        <p>Single-entry extract from the dictionary. Cross-references to other entries point to their identifiers in the full dictionary.</p>
      </sourceDesc>
    </fileDesc>
  </teiHeader>
  <text>
    <body>
      <list type="cognates">
        <item xml:id="cog_ine-x-proto_dhgwhey" xml:lang="ine-x-proto" type="etymon">
          <orth>*dʰgʷʰey-</orth>
          <def>to decline; to perish</def>
        </item>
        <item xml:id="cog_sla-x-proto_vednoti" xml:lang="sla-x-proto" type="cognate">
          <orth>*vę̀dnǫti</orth>
          <def>to fade, wither</def>
        </item>
        <item xml:id="cog_ine-x-proto_s_wendh" xml:lang="ine-x-proto" type="etymon">
          <orth>*(s)wendʰ-</orth>
        </item>
      </list>
      <div type="dictionary">
        <entry xml:id="pgmc_swindana" type="verb" corresp="https://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/Reconstruction:Proto-Germanic/swindaną">
          <form type="lemma">
            <orth>swindaną</orth>
            <pron notation="ipa">ˈswin.dɑ.nɑ̃</pron>
            <form type="runic">
              <orth>ᛊᚹᛁᚾᛞᚨᚾᚨ</orth>
            </form>
          </form>
          <gramGrp>
            <pos>verb</pos>
            <gram type="class">Strong class 3</gram>
          </gramGrp>
          <sense n="1">
            <def>To dwindle</def>
          </sense>
          <etym>
            <seg type="p">Of uncertain origin. Probably from a Proto-Indo-European <mentioned xml:lang="ine-x-proto" target="#cog_ine-x-proto_s_wendh"><ref target="#cog_ine-x-proto_s_wendh">*(s)wendʰ-</ref></mentioned> (‘to dwindle’), and compared with Proto-Slavic <mentioned xml:lang="sla-x-proto" target="#cog_sla-x-proto_vednoti"><ref target="#cog_sla-x-proto_vednoti">*vę̀dnǫti</ref></mentioned> (‘to fade, wither’) as well as perhaps Old Armenian քանդել (kʻandel, ‘to demolish, break up’). Alternatively, perhaps related to Proto-Germanic *swīnaną, *dwīnaną, *þwīnaną (‘to dwindle’), from Proto-Indo-European <mentioned xml:lang="ine-x-proto" target="#cog_ine-x-proto_dhgwhey"><ref target="#cog_ine-x-proto_dhgwhey">*dʰgʷʰey-</ref></mentioned> (‘to dwindle’), though this is phonetically difficult.</seg>
          </etym>
          <re type="paradigm">
            <form type="inflected" ana="#pres #ind #act #p1 #sg">
              <orth>swindō</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#pres #subj #act #p1 #sg">
              <orth>swindaų</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#pres #ind #pass #p1 #sg">
              <orth>swindai</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#pres #ind #act #p2 #sg">
              <orth>swindizi</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#pres #subj #act #p2 #sg">
              <orth>swindaiz</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#pres #imper #act #p2 #sg">
              <orth>swind</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#pres #ind #pass #p2 #sg">
              <orth>swindazai</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#pres #subj #pass #p2 #sg">
              <orth>swindaizau</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#pres #ind #act #p3 #sg">
              <orth>swindidi</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#pres #subj #act #p3 #sg">
              <orth>swindai</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#pres #imper #act #p3 #sg">
              <orth>swindadau</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#pres #ind #pass #p3 #sg">
              <orth>swindadai</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#pres #subj #pass #p3 #sg">
              <orth>swindaidau</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#pres #ind #act #p1 #du">
              <orth>swindōz</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#pres #subj #act #p1 #du">
              <orth>swindaiw</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#pres #ind #act #p2 #du">
              <orth>swindadiz</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#pres #subj #act #p2 #du">
              <orth>swindaidiz</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#pres #imper #act #p2 #du">
              <orth>swindadiz</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#pres #ind #act #p1 #pl">
              <orth>swindamaz</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#pres #subj #act #p1 #pl">
              <orth>swindaim</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#pres #ind #pass #p1 #pl">
              <orth>swindandai</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#pres #subj #pass #p1 #pl">
              <orth>swindaindau</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#pres #ind #act #p2 #pl">
              <orth>swindid</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#pres #subj #act #p2 #pl">
              <orth>swindaid</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#pres #imper #act #p2 #pl">
              <orth>swindid</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#pres #ind #pass #p2 #pl">
              <orth>swindandai</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#pres #subj #pass #p2 #pl">
              <orth>swindaindau</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#pres #ind #act #p3 #pl">
              <orth>swindandi</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#pres #subj #act #p3 #pl">
              <orth>swindain</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#pres #imper #act #p3 #pl">
              <orth>swindandau</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#pres #ind #pass #p3 #pl">
              <orth>swindandai</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#pres #subj #pass #p3 #pl">
              <orth>swindaindau</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#past #ind #p1 #sg">
              <orth>swand</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#past #subj #p1 #sg">
              <orth>swundį̄</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#past #ind #p2 #sg">
              <orth>swanst</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#past #subj #p2 #sg">
              <orth>swundīz</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#past #ind #p3 #sg">
              <orth>swand</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#past #subj #p3 #sg">
              <orth>swundī</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#past #ind #p1 #du">
              <orth>swundū</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#past #subj #p1 #du">
              <orth>swundīw</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#past #ind #p2 #du">
              <orth>swundudiz</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#past #subj #p2 #du">
              <orth>swundīdiz</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#past #ind #p1 #pl">
              <orth>swundum</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#past #subj #p1 #pl">
              <orth>swundīm</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#past #ind #p2 #pl">
              <orth>swundud</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#past #subj #p2 #pl">
              <orth>swundīd</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#past #ind #p3 #pl">
              <orth>swundun</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#past #subj #p3 #pl">
              <orth>swundīn</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="participle" subtype="present">
              <orth>swindandz</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="participle" subtype="past">
              <orth>swundanaz</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="infinitive">
              <orth>swindaną</orth>
            </form>
          </re>
          <re type="descendants">
            <list>
              <item>
                <form type="descendant">
                  <lang>Proto-West Germanic</lang>
                  <orth>*swindan</orth>
                  <form type="descendant">
                    <lang>Old Dutch</lang>
                    <orth>*swindan</orth>
                    <form type="descendant">
                      <lang>Middle Dutch</lang>
                      <orth>swinden</orth>
                      <form type="descendant">
                        <lang>Dutch</lang>
                        <orth>zwinden</orth>
                      </form>
                    </form>
                  </form>
                </form>
              </item>
              <item>
                <form type="descendant">
                  <lang>Proto-West Germanic</lang>
                  <orth>*swindan</orth>
                  <form type="descendant">
                    <lang>Old English</lang>
                    <orth>swindan</orth>
                    <form type="descendant">
                      <lang>Middle English</lang>
                      <orth>swinden, swynden</orth>
                    </form>
                  </form>
                </form>
              </item>
              <item>
                <form type="descendant">
                  <lang>Proto-West Germanic</lang>
                  <orth>*swindan</orth>
                  <form type="descendant">
                    <lang>Old Frisian</lang>
                    <orth>*swinda</orth>
                    <form type="descendant">
                      <lang>Saterland Frisian</lang>
                      <orth>swiende</orth>
                    </form>
                    <form type="descendant">
                      <lang>West Frisian</lang>
                      <orth>swine</orth>
                    </form>
                  </form>
                </form>
              </item>
              <item>
                <form type="descendant">
                  <lang>Proto-West Germanic</lang>
                  <orth>*swindan</orth>
                  <form type="descendant">
                    <lang>Old High German</lang>
                    <orth>swintan</orth>
                    <form type="descendant">
                      <lang>Middle High German</lang>
                      <orth>swinden</orth>
                      <form type="descendant">
                        <lang>German</lang>
                        <orth>schwinden</orth>
                      </form>
                    </form>
                  </form>
                </form>
              </item>
              <item>
                <form type="descendant">
                  <lang>Proto-West Germanic</lang>
                  <orth>*swindan</orth>
                  <form type="descendant">
                    <lang>Old Saxon</lang>
                    <orth>swindan</orth>
                    <form type="descendant">
                      <lang>Middle Low German</lang>
                      <orth>swinden</orth>
                      <form type="descendant">
                        <lang>Danish</lang>
                        <orth>svinde</orth>
                      </form>
                      <form type="descendant">
                        <lang>German Low German</lang>
                        <orth>swinnen</orth>
                      </form>
                      <form type="descendant">
                        <lang>Norwegian Bokmål</lang>
                        <orth>svinne</orth>
                      </form>
                      <form type="descendant">
                        <lang>Norwegian Nynorsk</lang>
                        <orth>svinne, svinna</orth>
                      </form>
                    </form>
                  </form>
                </form>
              </item>
              <item>
                <form type="descendant">
                  <lang>Proto-West Germanic</lang>
                  <orth>*swindan</orth>
                  <form type="descendant">
                    <lang>Old Saxon</lang>
                    <orth>swindan</orth>
                    <form type="descendant">
                      <lang>Middle Low German</lang>
                      <orth>swinden</orth>
                      <form type="descendant">
                        <lang>Old Swedish</lang>
                        <orth>svinda, svinna</orth>
                        <form type="descendant">
                          <lang>Swedish</lang>
                          <orth>svinna</orth>
                        </form>
                      </form>
                    </form>
                  </form>
                </form>
              </item>
            </list>
          </re>
        </entry>
      </div>
    </body>
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