<?xml version='1.0' encoding='UTF-8'?>
<TEI xmlns="http://www.tei-c.org/ns/1.0" xml:lang="en" version="4.12.0">
  <teiHeader>
    <fileDesc>
      <titleStmt>
        <title type="main">Wurdahuzdą: Proto-Germanic dictionary — *swinþaz</title>
        <author>Scott K. Shay</author>
      </titleStmt>
      <publicationStmt>
        <publisher>Wardja Press</publisher>
        <date when="2026-10-02"/>
        <idno type="URL">https://protogermanic.org/pgmc_swinþaz</idno>
      </publicationStmt>
      <sourceDesc>
        <p>Single-entry extract from the dictionary. Cross-references to other entries point to their identifiers in the full dictionary.</p>
      </sourceDesc>
    </fileDesc>
  </teiHeader>
  <text>
    <body>
      <list type="cognates">
        <item xml:id="cog_ine-x-proto_segh" xml:lang="ine-x-proto" type="etymon">
          <orth>*seǵʰ-</orth>
          <def>to overpower</def>
        </item>
      </list>
      <div type="dictionary">
        <entry xml:id="pgmc_swinthaz" type="adj" corresp="https://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/Reconstruction:Proto-Germanic/swinþaz">
          <form type="lemma">
            <orth>swinþaz</orth>
            <pron notation="ipa">ˈswin.θɑz</pron>
            <form type="runic">
              <orth>ᛊᚹᛁᚾᚦᚨᛉ</orth>
            </form>
          </form>
          <gramGrp>
            <pos>adj</pos>
            <gram type="stem">a-stem</gram>
          </gramGrp>
          <sense n="1">
            <def>strong</def>
          </sense>
          <sense n="2">
            <def>swift, fleet</def>
          </sense>
          <etym>
            <seg type="p">Uncertain; suggested to derive from Proto-Indo-European <mentioned xml:lang="ine-x-proto" target="#cog_ine-x-proto_segh"><ref target="#cog_ine-x-proto_segh">*seǵʰ-</ref></mentioned> (‘to overpower’), whence also *segaz (‘victory’), perhaps either:</seg>
          </etym>
          <re type="paradigm">
            <form type="inflected" ana="#sg #nom #masc #strong">
              <orth>swinþaz</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#sg #nom #fem #strong">
              <orth>swinþō</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#sg #nom #neut #strong">
              <orth>swinþą, -atō</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#pl #nom #masc #strong">
              <orth>swinþai</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#pl #nom #fem #strong">
              <orth>swinþôz</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#pl #nom #neut #strong">
              <orth>swinþō</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#sg #acc #masc #strong">
              <orth>swinþanǭ</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#sg #acc #fem #strong">
              <orth>swinþǭ</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#sg #acc #neut #strong">
              <orth>swinþą, -atō</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#pl #acc #masc #strong">
              <orth>swinþanz</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#pl #acc #fem #strong">
              <orth>swinþōz</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#pl #acc #neut #strong">
              <orth>swinþō</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#sg #gen #masc #strong">
              <orth>swinþas, -is</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#sg #gen #fem #strong">
              <orth>swinþaizōz</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#sg #gen #neut #strong">
              <orth>swinþas, -is</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#pl #gen #masc #strong">
              <orth>swinþaizǫ̂</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#pl #gen #fem #strong">
              <orth>swinþaizǫ̂</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#pl #gen #neut #strong">
              <orth>swinþaizǫ̂</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#sg #dat #masc #strong">
              <orth>swinþammai</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#sg #dat #fem #strong">
              <orth>swinþaizōi</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#sg #dat #neut #strong">
              <orth>swinþammai</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#pl #dat #masc #strong">
              <orth>swinþaimaz</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#pl #dat #fem #strong">
              <orth>swinþaimaz</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#pl #dat #neut #strong">
              <orth>swinþaimaz</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#sg #instr #masc #strong">
              <orth>swinþanō</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#sg #instr #fem #strong">
              <orth>swinþaizō</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#sg #instr #neut #strong">
              <orth>swinþanō</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#pl #instr #masc #strong">
              <orth>swinþaimiz</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#pl #instr #fem #strong">
              <orth>swinþaimiz</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#pl #instr #neut #strong">
              <orth>swinþaimiz</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#sg #nom #masc #weak">
              <orth>swinþô</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#sg #nom #fem #weak">
              <orth>swinþǭ</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#sg #nom #neut #weak">
              <orth>swinþô</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#pl #nom #masc #weak">
              <orth>swinþaniz</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#pl #nom #fem #weak">
              <orth>swinþōniz</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#pl #nom #neut #weak">
              <orth>swinþōnō</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#sg #acc #masc #weak">
              <orth>swinþanų</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#sg #acc #fem #weak">
              <orth>swinþōnų</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#sg #acc #neut #weak">
              <orth>swinþô</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#pl #acc #masc #weak">
              <orth>swinþanunz</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#pl #acc #fem #weak">
              <orth>swinþōnunz</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#pl #acc #neut #weak">
              <orth>swinþōnō</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#sg #gen #masc #weak">
              <orth>swinþiniz</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#sg #gen #fem #weak">
              <orth>swinþōniz</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#sg #gen #neut #weak">
              <orth>swinþiniz</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#pl #gen #masc #weak">
              <orth>swinþanǫ̂</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#pl #gen #fem #weak">
              <orth>swinþōnǫ̂</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#pl #gen #neut #weak">
              <orth>swinþanǫ̂</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#sg #dat #masc #weak">
              <orth>swinþini</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#sg #dat #fem #weak">
              <orth>swinþōni</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#sg #dat #neut #weak">
              <orth>swinþini</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#pl #dat #masc #weak">
              <orth>swinþammaz</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#pl #dat #fem #weak">
              <orth>swinþōmaz</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#pl #dat #neut #weak">
              <orth>swinþammaz</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#sg #instr #masc #weak">
              <orth>swinþinē</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#sg #instr #fem #weak">
              <orth>swinþōnē</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#sg #instr #neut #weak">
              <orth>swinþinē</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#pl #instr #masc #weak">
              <orth>swinþammiz</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#pl #instr #fem #weak">
              <orth>swinþōmiz</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#pl #instr #neut #weak">
              <orth>swinþammiz</orth>
            </form>
          </re>
          <re type="descendants">
            <list>
              <item>
                <form type="descendant">
                  <lang>Proto-West Germanic</lang>
                  <orth>*swinþ</orth>
                  <form type="descendant">
                    <lang>Old Dutch</lang>
                    <orth>*swīth, *swinth</orth>
                    <form type="descendant">
                      <lang>Middle Dutch</lang>
                      <orth>swîde, swinde</orth>
                      <form type="descendant">
                        <lang>Dutch</lang>
                        <orth>zwind, zwinde, swiet, zwiej</orth>
                      </form>
                    </form>
                  </form>
                </form>
              </item>
              <item>
                <form type="descendant">
                  <lang>Proto-West Germanic</lang>
                  <orth>*swinþ</orth>
                  <form type="descendant">
                    <lang>Old English</lang>
                    <orth>swīþ</orth>
                    <form type="descendant">
                      <lang>Middle English</lang>
                      <orth>swith</orth>
                      <form type="descendant">
                        <lang>English</lang>
                        <orth>swith</orth>
                      </form>
                      <form type="descendant">
                        <lang>Scots</lang>
                        <orth>swith</orth>
                      </form>
                    </form>
                  </form>
                </form>
              </item>
              <item>
                <form type="descendant">
                  <lang>Proto-West Germanic</lang>
                  <orth>*swinþ</orth>
                  <form type="descendant">
                    <lang>Old Frisian</lang>
                    <orth>*swīth</orth>
                    <form type="descendant">
                      <lang>Saterland Frisian</lang>
                      <orth>swied</orth>
                    </form>
                    <form type="descendant">
                      <lang>West Frisian</lang>
                      <orth>swiid</orth>
                    </form>
                  </form>
                </form>
              </item>
              <item>
                <form type="descendant">
                  <lang>Proto-West Germanic</lang>
                  <orth>*swinþ</orth>
                  <form type="descendant">
                    <lang>Old High German</lang>
                    <orth>*swind</orth>
                    <form type="descendant">
                      <lang>Middle High German</lang>
                      <orth>swinde, swint</orth>
                      <form type="descendant">
                        <lang>Middle High German</lang>
                        <orth>geswinde</orth>
                        <form type="descendant">
                          <lang>Bavarian</lang>
                          <orth>gschwind</orth>
                        </form>
                        <form type="descendant">
                          <lang>Luxembourgish</lang>
                          <orth>geschwënn</orth>
                        </form>
                      </form>
                    </form>
                  </form>
                </form>
              </item>
              <item>
                <form type="descendant">
                  <lang>Proto-West Germanic</lang>
                  <orth>*swinþ</orth>
                  <form type="descendant">
                    <lang>Old High German</lang>
                    <orth>*swind</orth>
                    <form type="descendant">
                      <lang>Middle High German</lang>
                      <orth>swinde, swint</orth>
                      <form type="descendant">
                        <lang>Middle High German</lang>
                        <orth>geswinde</orth>
                        <form type="descendant">
                          <lang>German</lang>
                          <orth>geschwind</orth>
                          <form type="descendant">
                            <lang>Dutch</lang>
                            <orth>gezwind</orth>
                          </form>
                        </form>
                      </form>
                    </form>
                  </form>
                </form>
              </item>
              <item>
                <form type="descendant">
                  <lang>Proto-West Germanic</lang>
                  <orth>*swinþ</orth>
                  <form type="descendant">
                    <lang>Old Saxon</lang>
                    <orth>swīth, *swinth</orth>
                    <form type="descendant">
                      <lang>Middle Low German</lang>
                      <orth>swît, swîde, swinde</orth>
                      <form type="descendant">
                        <lang>Low German</lang>
                        <orth>swied, swinn</orth>
                      </form>
                      <form type="descendant">
                        <lang>Plautdietsch</lang>
                        <orth>schwind</orth>
                      </form>
                    </form>
                  </form>
                </form>
              </item>
              <item>
                <form type="descendant">
                  <lang>Proto-West Germanic</lang>
                  <orth>*swinþ</orth>
                  <form type="descendant">
                    <lang>Old Saxon</lang>
                    <orth>swīth, *swinth</orth>
                    <form type="descendant">
                      <lang>Middle Low German</lang>
                      <orth>swît, swîde, swinde</orth>
                      <form type="descendant">
                        <lang>Polish</lang>
                        <orth>szwytki, świtki</orth>
                        <form type="descendant">
                          <lang>Old Ruthenian</lang>
                          <orth>швыдкїй (švydkij)</orth>
                        </form>
                      </form>
                    </form>
                  </form>
                </form>
              </item>
              <item>
                <form type="descendant">
                  <lang>Old Norse</lang>
                  <orth>sviðr</orth>
                  <form type="descendant">
                    <lang>Faroese</lang>
                    <orth>svinnur</orth>
                  </form>
                  <form type="descendant">
                    <lang>Icelandic</lang>
                    <orth>svinnur</orth>
                  </form>
                </form>
              </item>
              <item>
                <form type="descendant">
                  <lang>Old Norse</lang>
                  <orth>svinnr</orth>
                  <form type="descendant">
                    <lang>Faroese</lang>
                    <orth>svinnur</orth>
                  </form>
                  <form type="descendant">
                    <lang>Icelandic</lang>
                    <orth>svinnur</orth>
                  </form>
                </form>
              </item>
              <item>
                <form type="descendant">
                  <lang>Gothic</lang>
                  <orth>𐍃𐍅𐌹𐌽𐌸𐍃 (swinþs)</orth>
                </form>
              </item>
            </list>
          </re>
        </entry>
      </div>
    </body>
  </text>
</TEI>
