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    <fileDesc>
      <titleStmt>
        <title type="main">Wurdahuzdą: Proto-Germanic dictionary — *swīþaną</title>
        <author>Scott K. Shay</author>
      </titleStmt>
      <publicationStmt>
        <publisher>Wardja Press</publisher>
        <date when="2026-10-01"/>
        <idno type="URL">https://protogermanic.org/pgmc_swīþaną</idno>
      </publicationStmt>
      <sourceDesc>
        <p>Single-entry extract from the dictionary. Cross-references to other entries point to their identifiers in the full dictionary.</p>
      </sourceDesc>
    </fileDesc>
  </teiHeader>
  <text>
    <body>
      <list type="cognates">
        <item xml:id="cog_ave_xvaena" xml:lang="ave" type="cognate">
          <orth>𐬒𐬬𐬀𐬉𐬥𐬀</orth>
          <form type="translit">
            <orth>x́vaēna</orth>
          </form>
          <def>red-hot, glowing</def>
        </item>
        <item xml:id="cog_ine-x-proto_swey" xml:lang="ine-x-proto" type="etymon">
          <orth>*swey-</orth>
          <def>to burn</def>
        </item>
        <item xml:id="cog_ine-x-proto_h_swoy_no" xml:lang="ine-x-proto" type="etymon">
          <orth>*(H)swoy-no-</orth>
        </item>
      </list>
      <div type="dictionary">
        <entry xml:id="pgmc_swithana" type="verb" corresp="https://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/Reconstruction:Proto-Germanic/swīþaną">
          <form type="lemma">
            <orth>swīþaną</orth>
            <pron notation="ipa">ˈswiː.θɑ.nɑ̃</pron>
            <form type="runic">
              <orth>ᛊᚹᛁᚦᚨᚾᚨ</orth>
            </form>
          </form>
          <gramGrp>
            <pos>verb</pos>
            <gram type="class">Strong class 1</gram>
          </gramGrp>
          <sense n="1">
            <def>to burn, singe</def>
          </sense>
          <etym>
            <seg type="p">Possibly from a Proto-Indo-European <mentioned xml:lang="ine-x-proto" target="#cog_ine-x-proto_swey"><ref target="#cog_ine-x-proto_swey">*swey-</ref></mentioned> (‘to burn’), which could be an extension of *sew- (‘to braise’). Compare Avestan <mentioned xml:lang="ave" target="#cog_ave_xvaena"><ref target="#cog_ave_xvaena">𐬒𐬬𐬀𐬉𐬥𐬀</ref></mentioned> (x́vaēna, ‘red-hot, glowing’), from Proto-Indo-European <mentioned xml:lang="ine-x-proto" target="#cog_ine-x-proto_h_swoy_no"><ref target="#cog_ine-x-proto_h_swoy_no">*(H)swoy-no-</ref></mentioned>.</seg>
          </etym>
          <re type="paradigm">
            <form type="inflected" ana="#pres #ind #act #p1 #sg">
              <orth>swīþō</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#pres #subj #act #p1 #sg">
              <orth>swīþaų</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#pres #ind #pass #p1 #sg">
              <orth>swīþai</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#pres #ind #act #p2 #sg">
              <orth>swīþizi</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#pres #subj #act #p2 #sg">
              <orth>swīþaiz</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#pres #imper #act #p2 #sg">
              <orth>swīþ</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#pres #ind #pass #p2 #sg">
              <orth>swīþazai</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#pres #subj #pass #p2 #sg">
              <orth>swīþaizau</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#pres #ind #act #p3 #sg">
              <orth>swīþidi</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#pres #subj #act #p3 #sg">
              <orth>swīþai</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#pres #imper #act #p3 #sg">
              <orth>swīþadau</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#pres #ind #pass #p3 #sg">
              <orth>swīþadai</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#pres #subj #pass #p3 #sg">
              <orth>swīþaidau</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#pres #ind #act #p1 #du">
              <orth>swīþōz</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#pres #subj #act #p1 #du">
              <orth>swīþaiw</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#pres #ind #act #p2 #du">
              <orth>swīþadiz</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#pres #subj #act #p2 #du">
              <orth>swīþaidiz</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#pres #imper #act #p2 #du">
              <orth>swīþadiz</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#pres #ind #act #p1 #pl">
              <orth>swīþamaz</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#pres #subj #act #p1 #pl">
              <orth>swīþaim</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#pres #ind #pass #p1 #pl">
              <orth>swīþandai</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#pres #subj #pass #p1 #pl">
              <orth>swīþaindau</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#pres #ind #act #p2 #pl">
              <orth>swīþid</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#pres #subj #act #p2 #pl">
              <orth>swīþaid</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#pres #imper #act #p2 #pl">
              <orth>swīþid</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#pres #ind #pass #p2 #pl">
              <orth>swīþandai</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#pres #subj #pass #p2 #pl">
              <orth>swīþaindau</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#pres #ind #act #p3 #pl">
              <orth>swīþandi</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#pres #subj #act #p3 #pl">
              <orth>swīþain</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#pres #imper #act #p3 #pl">
              <orth>swīþandau</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#pres #ind #pass #p3 #pl">
              <orth>swīþandai</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#pres #subj #pass #p3 #pl">
              <orth>swīþaindau</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#past #ind #p1 #sg">
              <orth>swaiþ</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#past #subj #p1 #sg">
              <orth>swidį̄</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#past #ind #p2 #sg">
              <orth>swaist</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#past #subj #p2 #sg">
              <orth>swidīz</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#past #ind #p3 #sg">
              <orth>swaiþ</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#past #subj #p3 #sg">
              <orth>swidī</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#past #ind #p1 #du">
              <orth>swidū</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#past #subj #p1 #du">
              <orth>swidīw</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#past #ind #p2 #du">
              <orth>swidudiz</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#past #subj #p2 #du">
              <orth>swidīdiz</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#past #ind #p1 #pl">
              <orth>swidum</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#past #subj #p1 #pl">
              <orth>swidīm</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#past #ind #p2 #pl">
              <orth>swidud</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#past #subj #p2 #pl">
              <orth>swidīd</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#past #ind #p3 #pl">
              <orth>swidun</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#past #subj #p3 #pl">
              <orth>swidīn</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="participle" subtype="present">
              <orth>swīþandz</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="participle" subtype="past">
              <orth>swidanaz</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="infinitive">
              <orth>swīþaną</orth>
            </form>
          </re>
          <re type="descendants">
            <list>
              <item>
                <form type="descendant">
                  <lang>Proto-West Germanic</lang>
                  <orth>*swīþan</orth>
                  <form type="descendant">
                    <lang>Old High German</lang>
                    <orth>swīdan</orth>
                  </form>
                </form>
              </item>
              <item>
                <form type="descendant">
                  <lang>Old Norse</lang>
                  <orth>svíða</orth>
                  <form type="descendant">
                    <lang>Danish</lang>
                    <orth>svide</orth>
                  </form>
                  <form type="descendant">
                    <lang>Elfdalian</lang>
                    <orth>swaiða</orth>
                  </form>
                  <form type="descendant">
                    <lang>Faroese</lang>
                    <orth>svíða</orth>
                  </form>
                  <form type="descendant">
                    <lang>Icelandic</lang>
                    <orth>svíða</orth>
                  </form>
                  <form type="descendant">
                    <lang>Norwegian Nynorsk</lang>
                    <orth>svida, svi</orth>
                  </form>
                </form>
              </item>
              <item>
                <form type="descendant">
                  <lang>Old Norse</lang>
                  <orth>svíða</orth>
                  <form type="descendant">
                    <lang>Old Swedish</lang>
                    <orth>svīþa</orth>
                    <form type="descendant">
                      <lang>Swedish</lang>
                      <orth>svida</orth>
                    </form>
                  </form>
                </form>
              </item>
            </list>
          </re>
        </entry>
      </div>
    </body>
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