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  <teiHeader>
    <fileDesc>
      <titleStmt>
        <title type="main">Wurdahuzdą: Proto-Germanic dictionary — *sēaną</title>
        <author>Scott K. Shay</author>
      </titleStmt>
      <publicationStmt>
        <publisher>Wardja Press</publisher>
        <date when="2026-10-02"/>
        <idno type="URL">https://protogermanic.org/pgmc_sēaną</idno>
      </publicationStmt>
      <sourceDesc>
        <p>Single-entry extract from the dictionary. Cross-references to other entries point to their identifiers in the full dictionary.</p>
      </sourceDesc>
    </fileDesc>
  </teiHeader>
  <text>
    <body>
      <list type="cognates">
        <item xml:id="cog_ine-x-proto_seh1" xml:lang="ine-x-proto" type="etymon">
          <orth>*seh₁-</orth>
          <def>to sow</def>
        </item>
      </list>
      <div type="dictionary">
        <entry xml:id="pgmc_seana" type="verb" corresp="https://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/Reconstruction:Proto-Germanic/sēaną">
          <form type="lemma">
            <orth>sēaną</orth>
            <pron notation="ipa">ˈsɛː.ɑ.nɑ̃</pron>
            <form type="runic">
              <orth>ᛊᛖᚨᚾᚨ</orth>
            </form>
          </form>
          <gramGrp>
            <pos>verb</pos>
            <gram type="class">Strong class 7d</gram>
          </gramGrp>
          <sense n="1">
            <def>to sow, to disperse (seeds)</def>
          </sense>
          <etym>
            <seg type="p">From Proto-Indo-European <mentioned xml:lang="ine-x-proto" target="#cog_ine-x-proto_seh1"><ref target="#cog_ine-x-proto_seh1">*seh₁-</ref></mentioned> (‘to sow’).</seg>
          </etym>
          <re type="paradigm">
            <form type="inflected" ana="#pres #ind #act #p1 #sg">
              <orth>sēō</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#pres #subj #act #p1 #sg">
              <orth>sēaų</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#pres #ind #pass #p1 #sg">
              <orth>sēai</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#pres #ind #act #p2 #sg">
              <orth>sēizi</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#pres #subj #act #p2 #sg">
              <orth>sēaiz</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#pres #imper #act #p2 #sg">
              <orth>sē</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#pres #ind #pass #p2 #sg">
              <orth>sēazai</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#pres #subj #pass #p2 #sg">
              <orth>sēaizau</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#pres #ind #act #p3 #sg">
              <orth>sēidi</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#pres #subj #act #p3 #sg">
              <orth>sēai</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#pres #imper #act #p3 #sg">
              <orth>sēadau</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#pres #ind #pass #p3 #sg">
              <orth>sēadai</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#pres #subj #pass #p3 #sg">
              <orth>sēaidau</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#pres #ind #act #p1 #du">
              <orth>sēōz</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#pres #subj #act #p1 #du">
              <orth>sēaiw</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#pres #ind #act #p2 #du">
              <orth>sēadiz</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#pres #subj #act #p2 #du">
              <orth>sēaidiz</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#pres #imper #act #p2 #du">
              <orth>sēadiz</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#pres #ind #act #p1 #pl">
              <orth>sēamaz</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#pres #subj #act #p1 #pl">
              <orth>sēaim</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#pres #ind #pass #p1 #pl">
              <orth>sēandai</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#pres #subj #pass #p1 #pl">
              <orth>sēaindau</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#pres #ind #act #p2 #pl">
              <orth>sēid</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#pres #subj #act #p2 #pl">
              <orth>sēaid</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#pres #imper #act #p2 #pl">
              <orth>sēid</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#pres #ind #pass #p2 #pl">
              <orth>sēandai</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#pres #subj #pass #p2 #pl">
              <orth>sēaindau</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#pres #ind #act #p3 #pl">
              <orth>sēandi</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#pres #subj #act #p3 #pl">
              <orth>sēain</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#pres #imper #act #p3 #pl">
              <orth>sēandau</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#pres #ind #pass #p3 #pl">
              <orth>sēandai</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#pres #subj #pass #p3 #pl">
              <orth>sēaindau</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#past #ind #p1 #sg">
              <orth>sezō</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#past #subj #p1 #sg">
              <orth>sezōį̄</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#past #ind #p2 #sg">
              <orth>sezōt</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#past #subj #p2 #sg">
              <orth>sezōīz</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#past #ind #p3 #sg">
              <orth>sezō</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#past #subj #p3 #sg">
              <orth>sezōī</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#past #ind #p1 #du">
              <orth>sezōū</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#past #subj #p1 #du">
              <orth>sezōīw</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#past #ind #p2 #du">
              <orth>sezōudiz</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#past #subj #p2 #du">
              <orth>sezōīdiz</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#past #ind #p1 #pl">
              <orth>sezōum</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#past #subj #p1 #pl">
              <orth>sezōīm</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#past #ind #p2 #pl">
              <orth>sezōud</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#past #subj #p2 #pl">
              <orth>sezōīd</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#past #ind #p3 #pl">
              <orth>sezōun</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#past #subj #p3 #pl">
              <orth>sezōīn</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="participle" subtype="present">
              <orth>sēandz</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="participle" subtype="past">
              <orth>sēanaz</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="infinitive">
              <orth>sēaną</orth>
            </form>
          </re>
          <re type="descendants">
            <list>
              <item>
                <form type="descendant">
                  <lang>Proto-West Germanic</lang>
                  <orth>*sāan</orth>
                  <form type="descendant">
                    <lang>Old Dutch</lang>
                    <orth>*sāien</orth>
                    <form type="descendant">
                      <lang>Middle Dutch</lang>
                      <orth>sâyen</orth>
                      <form type="descendant">
                        <lang>Limburgish</lang>
                        <orth>zèjje</orth>
                      </form>
                    </form>
                  </form>
                </form>
              </item>
              <item>
                <form type="descendant">
                  <lang>Proto-West Germanic</lang>
                  <orth>*sāan</orth>
                  <form type="descendant">
                    <lang>Old Dutch</lang>
                    <orth>*sāien</orth>
                    <form type="descendant">
                      <lang>Middle Dutch</lang>
                      <orth>sâyen</orth>
                      <form type="descendant">
                        <lang>Dutch</lang>
                        <orth>zaaien</orth>
                        <form type="descendant">
                          <lang>Afrikaans</lang>
                          <orth>saai</orth>
                        </form>
                        <form type="descendant">
                          <lang>Aukan</lang>
                          <orth>sai</orth>
                        </form>
                        <form type="descendant">
                          <lang>Berbice Creole Dutch</lang>
                          <orth>sai</orth>
                        </form>
                        <form type="descendant">
                          <lang>Negerhollands</lang>
                          <orth>saai, saey, saej</orth>
                        </form>
                      </form>
                    </form>
                  </form>
                </form>
              </item>
              <item>
                <form type="descendant">
                  <lang>Proto-West Germanic</lang>
                  <orth>*sāan</orth>
                  <form type="descendant">
                    <lang>Old English</lang>
                    <orth>sāwan</orth>
                    <form type="descendant">
                      <lang>Middle English</lang>
                      <orth>sawen, sowȝen, sewȝen, soghen, sowen</orth>
                      <form type="descendant">
                        <lang>English</lang>
                        <orth>sow</orth>
                      </form>
                      <form type="descendant">
                        <lang>Scots</lang>
                        <orth>saw</orth>
                      </form>
                    </form>
                  </form>
                </form>
              </item>
              <item>
                <form type="descendant">
                  <lang>Proto-West Germanic</lang>
                  <orth>*sāan</orth>
                  <form type="descendant">
                    <lang>Old Frisian</lang>
                    <orth>seā, siā</orth>
                    <form type="descendant">
                      <lang>West Frisian</lang>
                      <orth>saaie</orth>
                    </form>
                  </form>
                </form>
              </item>
              <item>
                <form type="descendant">
                  <lang>Proto-West Germanic</lang>
                  <orth>*sāan</orth>
                  <form type="descendant">
                    <lang>Old High German</lang>
                    <orth>sāwen, sāen</orth>
                    <form type="descendant">
                      <lang>Middle High German</lang>
                      <orth>sāwen, sæwen, sæhen, sææen, sēgen, sēwen, sēn, sein, sān, sæn, sæen, sæjen</orth>
                      <form type="descendant">
                        <lang>German</lang>
                        <orth>säen</orth>
                      </form>
                      <form type="descendant">
                        <lang>Luxembourgish</lang>
                        <orth>séien</orth>
                      </form>
                    </form>
                  </form>
                </form>
              </item>
              <item>
                <form type="descendant">
                  <lang>Proto-West Germanic</lang>
                  <orth>*sāan</orth>
                  <form type="descendant">
                    <lang>Old Saxon</lang>
                    <orth>sāian</orth>
                    <form type="descendant">
                      <lang>Middle Low German</lang>
                      <orth>seien, seyen, seygen, seigen, sêgen, seighen, segen, seghen, seegen, zeygen, zeyghen, zegen, saien, sajen, zeien, seihen, seggen</orth>
                      <form type="descendant">
                        <lang>German Low German</lang>
                        <orth>saien</orth>
                      </form>
                    </form>
                  </form>
                </form>
              </item>
              <item>
                <form type="descendant">
                  <lang>Old Norse</lang>
                  <orth>sá</orth>
                  <form type="descendant">
                    <lang>Danish</lang>
                    <orth>så</orth>
                  </form>
                  <form type="descendant">
                    <lang>Faroese</lang>
                    <orth>sáa</orth>
                  </form>
                  <form type="descendant">
                    <lang>Icelandic</lang>
                    <orth>sá</orth>
                  </form>
                  <form type="descendant">
                    <lang>Norwegian</lang>
                    <orth>så</orth>
                  </form>
                </form>
              </item>
              <item>
                <form type="descendant">
                  <lang>Old Norse</lang>
                  <orth>sá</orth>
                  <form type="descendant">
                    <lang>Old Swedish</lang>
                    <orth>sā</orth>
                    <form type="descendant">
                      <lang>Swedish</lang>
                      <orth>så</orth>
                    </form>
                  </form>
                </form>
              </item>
              <item>
                <form type="descendant">
                  <lang>Gothic</lang>
                  <orth>𐍃𐌰𐌹𐌰𐌽 (saian)</orth>
                </form>
              </item>
              <item>
                <form type="descendant">
                  <lang>Proto-Finnic</lang>
                  <orth>*heittädäk</orth>
                </form>
              </item>
            </list>
          </re>
        </entry>
      </div>
    </body>
  </text>
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