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      <titleStmt>
        <title type="main">Wurdahuzdą: Proto-Germanic dictionary — *taikijaną</title>
        <author>Scott K. Shay</author>
      </titleStmt>
      <publicationStmt>
        <publisher>Wardja Press</publisher>
        <date when="2026-10-01"/>
        <idno type="URL">https://protogermanic.org/pgmc_taikijaną</idno>
      </publicationStmt>
      <sourceDesc>
        <p>Single-entry extract from the dictionary. Cross-references to other entries point to their identifiers in the full dictionary.</p>
      </sourceDesc>
    </fileDesc>
  </teiHeader>
  <text>
    <body>
      <listBibl>
        <biblStruct xmlns="http://www.tei-c.org/ns/1.0" type="book" xml:id="kroonen2013" corresp="http://zotero.org/users/21108209/items/MPLRUGJF">
          <monogr>
            <title level="m">Etymological Dictionary of Proto-Germanic (Leiden Indo-European Etymological Dictionary Series 11)</title>
            <author>
              <forename>Guus</forename>
              <surname>Kroonen</surname>
            </author>
            <imprint>
              <publisher>Brill</publisher>
              <date>2013</date>
            </imprint>
          </monogr>
        </biblStruct>
      </listBibl>
      <list type="cognates">
        <item xml:id="cog_ine-x-proto_doik_nh_eye_o" xml:lang="ine-x-proto" type="etymon">
          <orth>*doiḱ-n̥H-éye/o-</orth>
          <def>to make oneself point out</def>
        </item>
      </list>
      <div type="dictionary">
        <entry xml:id="pgmc_taikijana" type="verb" corresp="https://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/Reconstruction:Proto-Germanic/taikijaną">
          <form type="lemma">
            <orth>taikijaną</orth>
            <pron notation="ipa">ˈtɑi̯.ki.jɑ.nɑ̃</pron>
            <form type="runic">
              <orth>ᛏᚨᛁᚲᛁᛃᚨᚾᚨ</orth>
            </form>
          </form>
          <gramGrp>
            <pos>verb</pos>
            <gram type="class">Weak class 1</gram>
          </gramGrp>
          <sense n="1">
            <def>to show, point out, demonstrate; to teach</def>
          </sense>
          <etym>
            <seg type="p">A weak class I formation probably created from the same root as *taik(k)ōną + *-(i)janą, possibly continuing a medial causative, Proto-Indo-European <mentioned xml:lang="ine-x-proto" target="#cog_ine-x-proto_doik_nh_eye_o"><ref target="#cog_ine-x-proto_doik_nh_eye_o">*doiḱ-n̥H-éye/o-</ref></mentioned> (‘to make oneself point out’) <bibl corresp="#kroonen2013">Kroonen, 2013</bibl>.</seg>
          </etym>
          <re type="paradigm">
            <form type="inflected" ana="#pres #ind #act #p1 #sg">
              <orth>taikijō</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#pres #subj #act #p1 #sg">
              <orth>taikijaų</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#pres #ind #pass #p1 #sg">
              <orth>taikijai</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#pres #ind #act #p2 #sg">
              <orth>taikīsi</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#pres #subj #act #p2 #sg">
              <orth>taikijais</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#pres #imper #act #p2 #sg">
              <orth>taikī</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#pres #ind #pass #p2 #sg">
              <orth>taikijasai</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#pres #subj #pass #p2 #sg">
              <orth>taikijaisau</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#pres #ind #act #p3 #sg">
              <orth>taikīþi</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#pres #subj #act #p3 #sg">
              <orth>taikijai</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#pres #imper #act #p3 #sg">
              <orth>taikijaþau</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#pres #ind #pass #p3 #sg">
              <orth>taikijaþai</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#pres #subj #pass #p3 #sg">
              <orth>taikijaiþau</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#pres #ind #act #p1 #du">
              <orth>taikijōs</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#pres #subj #act #p1 #du">
              <orth>taikijaiw</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#pres #ind #act #p2 #du">
              <orth>taikijaþiz</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#pres #subj #act #p2 #du">
              <orth>taikijaiþiz</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#pres #imper #act #p2 #du">
              <orth>taikijaþiz</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#pres #ind #act #p1 #pl">
              <orth>taikijamaz</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#pres #subj #act #p1 #pl">
              <orth>taikijaim</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#pres #ind #pass #p1 #pl">
              <orth>taikijanþai</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#pres #subj #pass #p1 #pl">
              <orth>taikijainþau</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#pres #ind #act #p2 #pl">
              <orth>taikīþ</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#pres #subj #act #p2 #pl">
              <orth>taikijaiþ</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#pres #imper #act #p2 #pl">
              <orth>taikīþ</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#pres #ind #pass #p2 #pl">
              <orth>taikijanþai</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#pres #subj #pass #p2 #pl">
              <orth>taikijainþau</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#pres #ind #act #p3 #pl">
              <orth>taikijanþi</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#pres #subj #act #p3 #pl">
              <orth>taikijain</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#pres #imper #act #p3 #pl">
              <orth>taikijanþau</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#pres #ind #pass #p3 #pl">
              <orth>taikijanþai</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#pres #subj #pass #p3 #pl">
              <orth>taikijainþau</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#past #ind #p1 #sg">
              <orth>taihtǭ</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#past #subj #p1 #sg">
              <orth>taihtēdį̄</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#past #ind #p2 #sg">
              <orth>taihtēz</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#past #subj #p2 #sg">
              <orth>taihtēdīz</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#past #ind #p3 #sg">
              <orth>taihtē</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#past #subj #p3 #sg">
              <orth>taihtēdī</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#past #ind #p1 #du">
              <orth>taihtēdū</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#past #subj #p1 #du">
              <orth>taihtēdīw</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#past #ind #p2 #du">
              <orth>taihtēdudiz</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#past #subj #p2 #du">
              <orth>taihtēdīdiz</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#past #ind #p1 #pl">
              <orth>taihtēdum</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#past #subj #p1 #pl">
              <orth>taihtēdīm</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#past #ind #p2 #pl">
              <orth>taihtēdud</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#past #subj #p2 #pl">
              <orth>taihtēdīd</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#past #ind #p3 #pl">
              <orth>taihtēdun</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#past #subj #p3 #pl">
              <orth>taihtēdīn</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="participle" subtype="present">
              <orth>taikijandz</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="participle" subtype="past">
              <orth>taikidaz</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="infinitive">
              <orth>taikijaną</orth>
            </form>
          </re>
          <re type="descendants">
            <list>
              <item>
                <form type="descendant">
                  <lang>Proto-West Germanic</lang>
                  <orth>*taikijan</orth>
                  <form type="descendant">
                    <lang>Old Dutch</lang>
                    <orth>*teiken</orth>
                    <form type="descendant">
                      <lang>Middle Dutch</lang>
                      <orth>teken</orth>
                    </form>
                  </form>
                </form>
              </item>
              <item>
                <form type="descendant">
                  <lang>Proto-West Germanic</lang>
                  <orth>*taikijan</orth>
                  <form type="descendant">
                    <lang>Old English</lang>
                    <orth>tǣċan</orth>
                    <form type="descendant">
                      <lang>Middle English</lang>
                      <orth>techen</orth>
                      <form type="descendant">
                        <lang>English</lang>
                        <orth>teach</orth>
                      </form>
                      <form type="descendant">
                        <lang>Scots</lang>
                        <orth>teich</orth>
                      </form>
                      <form type="descendant">
                        <lang>Yola</lang>
                        <orth>teach</orth>
                      </form>
                    </form>
                  </form>
                </form>
              </item>
              <item>
                <form type="descendant">
                  <lang>Proto-West Germanic</lang>
                  <orth>*taikijan</orth>
                  <form type="descendant">
                    <lang>Old Frisian</lang>
                    <orth>*tēka, *tētza</orth>
                    <form type="descendant">
                      <lang>Saterland Frisian</lang>
                      <orth>tekend, teekend</orth>
                    </form>
                  </form>
                </form>
              </item>
              <item>
                <form type="descendant">
                  <lang>Proto-West Germanic</lang>
                  <orth>*taikijan</orth>
                  <form type="descendant">
                    <lang>Old Saxon</lang>
                    <orth>*tēkian</orth>
                    <form type="descendant">
                      <lang>Middle Low German</lang>
                      <orth>têken</orth>
                      <form type="descendant">
                        <lang>German Low German</lang>
                        <orth>teken</orth>
                      </form>
                    </form>
                  </form>
                </form>
              </item>
            </list>
          </re>
        </entry>
      </div>
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