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  <teiHeader>
    <fileDesc>
      <titleStmt>
        <title type="main">Wurdahuzdą: Proto-Germanic dictionary — *tamjaną</title>
        <author>Scott K. Shay</author>
      </titleStmt>
      <publicationStmt>
        <publisher>Wardja Press</publisher>
        <date when="2026-10-01"/>
        <idno type="URL">https://protogermanic.org/pgmc_tamjaną</idno>
      </publicationStmt>
      <sourceDesc>
        <p>Single-entry extract from the dictionary. Cross-references to other entries point to their identifiers in the full dictionary.</p>
      </sourceDesc>
    </fileDesc>
  </teiHeader>
  <text>
    <body>
      <list type="cognates">
        <item xml:id="cog_san_damayati" xml:lang="san" type="cognate">
          <orth>दमयति</orth>
          <form type="translit">
            <orth>damayati</orth>
          </form>
        </item>
      </list>
      <div type="dictionary">
        <entry xml:id="pgmc_tamjana" type="verb" corresp="https://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/Reconstruction:Proto-Germanic/tamjaną">
          <form type="lemma">
            <orth>tamjaną</orth>
            <pron notation="ipa">ˈtɑm.jɑ.nɑ̃</pron>
            <form type="runic">
              <orth>ᛏᚨᛗᛃᚨᚾᚨ</orth>
            </form>
          </form>
          <gramGrp>
            <pos>verb</pos>
            <gram type="class">Weak class 1</gram>
          </gramGrp>
          <sense n="1">
            <def>to tame</def>
          </sense>
          <etym>
            <seg type="p">Perhaps from *tamaz (‘tame’) + *-janą. Kroonen suggests that the term might continue a Proto-Indo-European causative *domh₂-éye-ti, itself from the root *demh₂-. This same term may also be attested in Latin domō and Sanskrit <mentioned xml:lang="san" target="#cog_san_damayati"><ref target="#cog_san_damayati">दमयति</ref></mentioned> (damayati).</seg>
          </etym>
          <re type="paradigm">
            <form type="inflected" ana="#pres #ind #act #p1 #sg">
              <orth>tamjō</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#pres #subj #act #p1 #sg">
              <orth>tamjaų</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#pres #ind #pass #p1 #sg">
              <orth>tamjai</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#pres #ind #act #p2 #sg">
              <orth>tamisi</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#pres #subj #act #p2 #sg">
              <orth>tamjais</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#pres #imper #act #p2 #sg">
              <orth>tami</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#pres #ind #pass #p2 #sg">
              <orth>tamjasai</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#pres #subj #pass #p2 #sg">
              <orth>tamjaisau</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#pres #ind #act #p3 #sg">
              <orth>tamiþi</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#pres #subj #act #p3 #sg">
              <orth>tamjai</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#pres #imper #act #p3 #sg">
              <orth>tamjaþau</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#pres #ind #pass #p3 #sg">
              <orth>tamjaþai</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#pres #subj #pass #p3 #sg">
              <orth>tamjaiþau</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#pres #ind #act #p1 #du">
              <orth>tamjōs</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#pres #subj #act #p1 #du">
              <orth>tamjaiw</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#pres #ind #act #p2 #du">
              <orth>tamjaþiz</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#pres #subj #act #p2 #du">
              <orth>tamjaiþiz</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#pres #imper #act #p2 #du">
              <orth>tamjaþiz</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#pres #ind #act #p1 #pl">
              <orth>tamjamaz</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#pres #subj #act #p1 #pl">
              <orth>tamjaim</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#pres #ind #pass #p1 #pl">
              <orth>tamjanþai</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#pres #subj #pass #p1 #pl">
              <orth>tamjainþau</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#pres #ind #act #p2 #pl">
              <orth>tamiþ</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#pres #subj #act #p2 #pl">
              <orth>tamjaiþ</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#pres #imper #act #p2 #pl">
              <orth>tamiþ</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#pres #ind #pass #p2 #pl">
              <orth>tamjanþai</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#pres #subj #pass #p2 #pl">
              <orth>tamjainþau</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#pres #ind #act #p3 #pl">
              <orth>tamjanþi</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#pres #subj #act #p3 #pl">
              <orth>tamjain</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#pres #imper #act #p3 #pl">
              <orth>tamjanþau</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#pres #ind #pass #p3 #pl">
              <orth>tamjanþai</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#pres #subj #pass #p3 #pl">
              <orth>tamjainþau</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#past #ind #p1 #sg">
              <orth>tamidǭ</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#past #subj #p1 #sg">
              <orth>tamidēdį̄</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#past #ind #p2 #sg">
              <orth>tamidēz</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#past #subj #p2 #sg">
              <orth>tamidēdīz</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#past #ind #p3 #sg">
              <orth>tamidē</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#past #subj #p3 #sg">
              <orth>tamidēdī</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#past #ind #p1 #du">
              <orth>tamidēdū</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#past #subj #p1 #du">
              <orth>tamidēdīw</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#past #ind #p2 #du">
              <orth>tamidēdudiz</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#past #subj #p2 #du">
              <orth>tamidēdīdiz</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#past #ind #p1 #pl">
              <orth>tamidēdum</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#past #subj #p1 #pl">
              <orth>tamidēdīm</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#past #ind #p2 #pl">
              <orth>tamidēdud</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#past #subj #p2 #pl">
              <orth>tamidēdīd</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#past #ind #p3 #pl">
              <orth>tamidēdun</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#past #subj #p3 #pl">
              <orth>tamidēdīn</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="participle" subtype="present">
              <orth>tamjandz</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="participle" subtype="past">
              <orth>tamidaz</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="infinitive">
              <orth>tamjaną</orth>
            </form>
          </re>
          <re type="descendants">
            <list>
              <item>
                <form type="descendant">
                  <lang>Proto-West Germanic</lang>
                  <orth>*tammjan</orth>
                  <form type="descendant">
                    <lang>Old Dutch</lang>
                    <orth>*temmen</orth>
                    <form type="descendant">
                      <lang>Middle Dutch</lang>
                      <orth>temmen</orth>
                      <form type="descendant">
                        <lang>Dutch</lang>
                        <orth>temmen</orth>
                        <form type="descendant">
                          <lang>Afrikaans</lang>
                          <orth>tem</orth>
                        </form>
                      </form>
                    </form>
                  </form>
                </form>
              </item>
              <item>
                <form type="descendant">
                  <lang>Proto-West Germanic</lang>
                  <orth>*tammjan</orth>
                  <form type="descendant">
                    <lang>Old English</lang>
                    <orth>temian, *temman</orth>
                    <form type="descendant">
                      <lang>Middle English</lang>
                      <orth>temien, temen, tamen</orth>
                      <form type="descendant">
                        <lang>English</lang>
                        <orth>tame</orth>
                      </form>
                      <form type="descendant">
                        <lang>Scots</lang>
                        <orth>team, tame</orth>
                      </form>
                    </form>
                  </form>
                </form>
              </item>
              <item>
                <form type="descendant">
                  <lang>Proto-West Germanic</lang>
                  <orth>*tammjan</orth>
                  <form type="descendant">
                    <lang>Old Frisian</lang>
                    <orth>temia, tema</orth>
                    <form type="descendant">
                      <lang>Saterland Frisian</lang>
                      <orth>tieme</orth>
                    </form>
                    <form type="descendant">
                      <lang>West Frisian</lang>
                      <orth>teme</orth>
                    </form>
                  </form>
                </form>
              </item>
              <item>
                <form type="descendant">
                  <lang>Proto-West Germanic</lang>
                  <orth>*tammjan</orth>
                  <form type="descendant">
                    <lang>Old High German</lang>
                    <orth>zemen, zemmen</orth>
                    <form type="descendant">
                      <lang>Middle High German</lang>
                      <orth>zemen</orth>
                      <form type="descendant">
                        <lang>German</lang>
                        <orth>zähmen, zahm</orth>
                      </form>
                      <form type="descendant">
                        <lang>Hunsrik</lang>
                        <orth>zaame</orth>
                      </form>
                      <form type="descendant">
                        <lang>Luxembourgish</lang>
                        <orth>zeemen</orth>
                      </form>
                    </form>
                  </form>
                </form>
              </item>
              <item>
                <form type="descendant">
                  <lang>Proto-West Germanic</lang>
                  <orth>*tammjan</orth>
                  <form type="descendant">
                    <lang>Old Saxon</lang>
                    <orth>*temian, *temmian</orth>
                    <form type="descendant">
                      <lang>Middle Low German</lang>
                      <orth>temen, temmen</orth>
                      <form type="descendant">
                        <lang>German Low German</lang>
                        <orth>tähmen</orth>
                      </form>
                      <form type="descendant">
                        <lang>Low German</lang>
                        <orth>temmen</orth>
                      </form>
                    </form>
                  </form>
                </form>
              </item>
              <item>
                <form type="descendant">
                  <lang>Old Norse</lang>
                  <orth>temja</orth>
                  <form type="descendant">
                    <lang>Danish</lang>
                    <orth>tæmme</orth>
                  </form>
                  <form type="descendant">
                    <lang>Faroese</lang>
                    <orth>temja</orth>
                  </form>
                  <form type="descendant">
                    <lang>Icelandic</lang>
                    <orth>temja</orth>
                  </form>
                </form>
              </item>
              <item>
                <form type="descendant">
                  <lang>Old Norse</lang>
                  <orth>temja</orth>
                  <form type="descendant">
                    <lang>Old Swedish</lang>
                    <orth>tæmia</orth>
                    <form type="descendant">
                      <lang>Swedish</lang>
                      <orth>tämja</orth>
                    </form>
                  </form>
                </form>
              </item>
              <item>
                <form type="descendant">
                  <lang>Gothic</lang>
                  <orth>𐌲𐌰𐍄𐌰𐌼𐌾𐌰𐌽 (gatamjan)</orth>
                </form>
              </item>
              <item>
                <form type="descendant">
                  <lang>Proto-Albanian</lang>
                  <orth>*dalma</orth>
                  <form type="descendant">
                    <lang>Albanian</lang>
                    <orth>delme</orth>
                  </form>
                  <form type="descendant">
                    <lang>Latin</lang>
                    <orth>Dalmatae</orth>
                  </form>
                </form>
              </item>
              <item>
                <form type="descendant">
                  <lang>Proto-Samic</lang>
                  <orth>*tāmëtēk</orth>
                </form>
              </item>
            </list>
          </re>
        </entry>
      </div>
    </body>
  </text>
</TEI>
