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    <fileDesc>
      <titleStmt>
        <title type="main">Wurdahuzdą: Proto-Germanic dictionary — *tanhuz</title>
        <author>Scott K. Shay</author>
      </titleStmt>
      <publicationStmt>
        <publisher>Wardja Press</publisher>
        <date when="2026-10-02"/>
        <idno type="URL">https://protogermanic.org/pgmc_tanhuz</idno>
      </publicationStmt>
      <sourceDesc>
        <p>Single-entry extract from the dictionary. Cross-references to other entries point to their identifiers in the full dictionary.</p>
      </sourceDesc>
    </fileDesc>
  </teiHeader>
  <text>
    <body>
      <div type="dictionary">
        <entry xml:id="pgmc_tanhuz" type="adj" corresp="https://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/Reconstruction:Proto-Germanic/tanhuz">
          <form type="lemma">
            <orth>tanhuz</orth>
            <pron notation="ipa">ˈtɑ̃ː.xuz</pron>
            <form type="runic">
              <orth>ᛏᚨᚾᚺᚢᛉ</orth>
            </form>
          </form>
          <gramGrp>
            <pos>adj</pos>
            <gram type="stem">u-stem</gram>
          </gramGrp>
          <sense n="1">
            <def>holding together; clinging; sticky; tenacious; tough</def>
          </sense>
          <etym>
            <seg type="p">A u-stem nominal derived from *tinganą (‘to press upon’).</seg>
          </etym>
          <re type="paradigm">
            <form type="inflected" ana="#sg #nom #masc #strong">
              <orth>tanhuz</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#sg #nom #fem #strong">
              <orth>tanhī</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#sg #nom #neut #strong">
              <orth>tanhų, -jatō</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#pl #nom #masc #strong">
              <orth>tanhijai</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#pl #nom #fem #strong">
              <orth>tanhijôz</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#pl #nom #neut #strong">
              <orth>tanhijō</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#sg #acc #masc #strong">
              <orth>tanhijanǭ</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#sg #acc #fem #strong">
              <orth>tanhijǭ</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#sg #acc #neut #strong">
              <orth>tanhų, -jatō</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#pl #acc #masc #strong">
              <orth>tanhijanz</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#pl #acc #fem #strong">
              <orth>tanhijōz</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#pl #acc #neut #strong">
              <orth>tanhijō</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#sg #gen #masc #strong">
              <orth>tanhijas, tanhīs</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#sg #gen #fem #strong">
              <orth>tanhijaizōz</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#sg #gen #neut #strong">
              <orth>tanhijas, tanhīs</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#pl #gen #masc #strong">
              <orth>tanhijaizǫ̂</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#pl #gen #fem #strong">
              <orth>tanhijaizǫ̂</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#pl #gen #neut #strong">
              <orth>tanhijaizǫ̂</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#sg #dat #masc #strong">
              <orth>tanhijammai</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#sg #dat #fem #strong">
              <orth>tanhijaizōi</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#sg #dat #neut #strong">
              <orth>tanhijammai</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#pl #dat #masc #strong">
              <orth>tanhijaimaz</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#pl #dat #fem #strong">
              <orth>tanhijaimaz</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#pl #dat #neut #strong">
              <orth>tanhijaimaz</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#sg #instr #masc #strong">
              <orth>tanhijanō</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#sg #instr #fem #strong">
              <orth>tanhijaizō</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#sg #instr #neut #strong">
              <orth>tanhijanō</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#pl #instr #masc #strong">
              <orth>tanhijaimiz</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#pl #instr #fem #strong">
              <orth>tanhijaimiz</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#pl #instr #neut #strong">
              <orth>tanhijaimiz</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#sg #nom #masc #weak">
              <orth>tanhijô</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#sg #nom #fem #weak">
              <orth>tanhijǭ</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#sg #nom #neut #weak">
              <orth>tanhijô</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#pl #nom #masc #weak">
              <orth>tanhijaniz</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#pl #nom #fem #weak">
              <orth>tanhijōniz</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#pl #nom #neut #weak">
              <orth>tanhijōnō</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#sg #acc #masc #weak">
              <orth>tanhijanų</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#sg #acc #fem #weak">
              <orth>tanhijōnų</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#sg #acc #neut #weak">
              <orth>tanhijô</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#pl #acc #masc #weak">
              <orth>tanhijanunz</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#pl #acc #fem #weak">
              <orth>tanhijōnunz</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#pl #acc #neut #weak">
              <orth>tanhijōnō</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#sg #gen #masc #weak">
              <orth>tanhīniz</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#sg #gen #fem #weak">
              <orth>tanhijōniz</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#sg #gen #neut #weak">
              <orth>tanhīniz</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#pl #gen #masc #weak">
              <orth>tanhijanǫ̂</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#pl #gen #fem #weak">
              <orth>tanhijōnǫ̂</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#pl #gen #neut #weak">
              <orth>tanhijanǫ̂</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#sg #dat #masc #weak">
              <orth>tanhīni</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#sg #dat #fem #weak">
              <orth>tanhijōni</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#sg #dat #neut #weak">
              <orth>tanhīni</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#pl #dat #masc #weak">
              <orth>tanhijammaz</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#pl #dat #fem #weak">
              <orth>tanhijōmaz</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#pl #dat #neut #weak">
              <orth>tanhijammaz</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#sg #instr #masc #weak">
              <orth>tanhīnē</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#sg #instr #fem #weak">
              <orth>tanhijōnē</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#sg #instr #neut #weak">
              <orth>tanhīnē</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#pl #instr #masc #weak">
              <orth>tanhijammiz</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#pl #instr #fem #weak">
              <orth>tanhijōmiz</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#pl #instr #neut #weak">
              <orth>tanhijammiz</orth>
            </form>
          </re>
          <re type="descendants">
            <list>
              <item>
                <form type="descendant">
                  <lang>Proto-West Germanic</lang>
                  <orth>*tą̄h(ī)</orth>
                  <form type="descendant">
                    <lang>Old Dutch</lang>
                    <orth>*tāi</orth>
                    <form type="descendant">
                      <lang>Middle Dutch</lang>
                      <orth>tâie, tây, tâey</orth>
                      <form type="descendant">
                        <lang>Dutch</lang>
                        <orth>taai</orth>
                        <form type="descendant">
                          <lang>Afrikaans</lang>
                          <orth>taai</orth>
                        </form>
                      </form>
                    </form>
                  </form>
                </form>
              </item>
              <item>
                <form type="descendant">
                  <lang>Proto-West Germanic</lang>
                  <orth>*tą̄h(ī)</orth>
                  <form type="descendant">
                    <lang>Old English</lang>
                    <orth>tōh</orth>
                    <form type="descendant">
                      <lang>Middle English</lang>
                      <orth>toȝ, tou, towgh, tough</orth>
                      <form type="descendant">
                        <lang>Scots</lang>
                        <orth>teuch</orth>
                      </form>
                    </form>
                  </form>
                </form>
              </item>
              <item>
                <form type="descendant">
                  <lang>Proto-West Germanic</lang>
                  <orth>*tą̄h(ī)</orth>
                  <form type="descendant">
                    <lang>Old English</lang>
                    <orth>tōh</orth>
                    <form type="descendant">
                      <lang>Middle English</lang>
                      <orth>toȝ, tou, towgh, tough</orth>
                      <form type="descendant">
                        <lang>English</lang>
                        <orth>tough</orth>
                        <form type="descendant">
                          <lang>Norwegian Bokmål</lang>
                          <orth>tøff</orth>
                        </form>
                        <form type="descendant">
                          <lang>Norwegian Nynorsk</lang>
                          <orth>tøff</orth>
                        </form>
                        <form type="descendant">
                          <lang>Swedish</lang>
                          <orth>tuff</orth>
                        </form>
                      </form>
                    </form>
                  </form>
                </form>
              </item>
              <item>
                <form type="descendant">
                  <lang>Proto-West Germanic</lang>
                  <orth>*tą̄h(ī)</orth>
                  <form type="descendant">
                    <lang>Old Frisian</lang>
                    <orth>*tāi, *tēi</orth>
                    <form type="descendant">
                      <lang>North Frisian</lang>
                      <orth>toi</orth>
                    </form>
                    <form type="descendant">
                      <lang>Saterland Frisian</lang>
                      <orth>toai</orth>
                    </form>
                    <form type="descendant">
                      <lang>West Frisian</lang>
                      <orth>taai</orth>
                    </form>
                  </form>
                </form>
              </item>
              <item>
                <form type="descendant">
                  <lang>Proto-West Germanic</lang>
                  <orth>*tą̄h(ī)</orth>
                  <form type="descendant">
                    <lang>Old High German</lang>
                    <orth>zāh, zāhi</orth>
                    <form type="descendant">
                      <lang>Middle High German</lang>
                      <orth>zāch, zǣhe, zǣh, zǣch</orth>
                      <form type="descendant">
                        <lang>Bavarian</lang>
                        <orth>zaach, zach</orth>
                      </form>
                      <form type="descendant">
                        <lang>German</lang>
                        <orth>zähe, zäh</orth>
                      </form>
                      <form type="descendant">
                        <lang>Luxembourgish</lang>
                        <orth>zéi</orth>
                      </form>
                    </form>
                  </form>
                </form>
              </item>
              <item>
                <form type="descendant">
                  <lang>Proto-West Germanic</lang>
                  <orth>*tą̄h(ī)</orth>
                  <form type="descendant">
                    <lang>Old Saxon</lang>
                    <orth>*tāh, *tāhi</orth>
                    <form type="descendant">
                      <lang>Middle Low German</lang>
                      <orth>tā, taie, tēge, teie</orth>
                      <form type="descendant">
                        <lang>German Low German</lang>
                        <orth>taai</orth>
                      </form>
                      <form type="descendant">
                        <lang>Low German</lang>
                        <orth>taa, taë, tage, taag</orth>
                      </form>
                    </form>
                  </form>
                </form>
              </item>
            </list>
          </re>
        </entry>
      </div>
    </body>
  </text>
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