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    <fileDesc>
      <titleStmt>
        <title type="main">Wurdahuzdą: Proto-Germanic dictionary — *tappô</title>
        <author>Scott K. Shay</author>
      </titleStmt>
      <publicationStmt>
        <publisher>Wardja Press</publisher>
        <date when="2026-10-01"/>
        <idno type="URL">https://protogermanic.org/pgmc_tappô</idno>
      </publicationStmt>
      <sourceDesc>
        <p>Single-entry extract from the dictionary. Cross-references to other entries point to their identifiers in the full dictionary.</p>
      </sourceDesc>
    </fileDesc>
  </teiHeader>
  <text>
    <body>
      <list type="cognates">
        <item xml:id="cog_grc_depho" xml:lang="grc" type="cognate">
          <orth>δέφω</orth>
          <form type="translit">
            <orth>déphō</orth>
          </form>
          <def>to soften, knead</def>
        </item>
      </list>
      <div type="dictionary">
        <entry xml:id="pgmc_tappo" type="noun" corresp="https://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/Reconstruction:Proto-Germanic/tappô">
          <form type="lemma">
            <orth>tappô</orth>
            <pron notation="ipa">ˈtɑp.pɔːː</pron>
            <form type="runic">
              <orth>ᛏᚨᛈᛟ</orth>
            </form>
          </form>
          <gramGrp>
            <pos>noun</pos>
            <gram type="gender">masculine</gram>
            <gram type="stem">an-stem</gram>
          </gramGrp>
          <sense n="1">
            <def>plug; tap</def>
          </sense>
          <etym>
            <seg type="p">Of unclear origin; possibly related to Sanskrit दिप् (dip, “to push, strike (variant form of तिप् (tip, ‘to sprinkle’)”), Ancient Greek <mentioned xml:lang="grc" target="#cog_grc_depho"><ref target="#cog_grc_depho">δέφω</ref></mentioned> (déphō, ‘to soften, knead’).</seg>
            <seg type="p">However, compare Proto-West Germanic *stoppōn.</seg>
          </etym>
          <re type="paradigm">
            <form type="inflected" ana="#sg #nom">
              <orth>tappô</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#pl #nom">
              <orth>tappaniz</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#sg #acc">
              <orth>tappanų</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#pl #acc">
              <orth>tappanunz</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#sg #gen">
              <orth>tappiniz</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#pl #gen">
              <orth>tappanǫ̂</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#sg #dat">
              <orth>tappini</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#pl #dat">
              <orth>tappammaz</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#sg #instr">
              <orth>tappinē</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#pl #instr">
              <orth>tappammiz</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#sg #voc">
              <orth>tappô</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#pl #voc">
              <orth>tappaniz</orth>
            </form>
          </re>
          <re type="descendants">
            <list>
              <item>
                <form type="descendant">
                  <lang>Proto-West Germanic</lang>
                  <orth>*tappō</orth>
                  <form type="descendant">
                    <lang>Old Dutch</lang>
                    <orth>*tappo</orth>
                    <form type="descendant">
                      <lang>Middle Dutch</lang>
                      <orth>tappe, tap</orth>
                      <form type="descendant">
                        <lang>Dutch</lang>
                        <orth>tap</orth>
                      </form>
                    </form>
                  </form>
                </form>
              </item>
              <item>
                <form type="descendant">
                  <lang>Proto-West Germanic</lang>
                  <orth>*tappō</orth>
                  <form type="descendant">
                    <lang>Old English</lang>
                    <orth>tæppa, tæppe</orth>
                    <form type="descendant">
                      <lang>Middle English</lang>
                      <orth>tappe</orth>
                      <form type="descendant">
                        <lang>English</lang>
                        <orth>tap</orth>
                      </form>
                      <form type="descendant">
                        <lang>Scots</lang>
                        <orth>tapp, tap</orth>
                      </form>
                    </form>
                  </form>
                </form>
              </item>
              <item>
                <form type="descendant">
                  <lang>Proto-West Germanic</lang>
                  <orth>*tappō</orth>
                  <form type="descendant">
                    <lang>Old French</lang>
                    <orth>tape, tapon, tampon</orth>
                    <form type="descendant">
                      <lang>Italian</lang>
                      <orth>tappo</orth>
                      <form type="descendant">
                        <lang>Ottoman Turkish</lang>
                        <orth>طپه (tıpa, tapa), طاپه (tapa), طپا (tapa)</orth>
                        <form type="descendant">
                          <lang>Albanian</lang>
                          <orth>tapë</orth>
                        </form>
                        <form type="descendant">
                          <lang>Armenian</lang>
                          <orth>թափա (tʻapʻa)</orth>
                        </form>
                        <form type="descendant">
                          <lang>Bulgarian</lang>
                          <orth>та́па (tápa)</orth>
                        </form>
                        <form type="descendant">
                          <lang>Greek</lang>
                          <orth>τάπα (tápa)</orth>
                        </form>
                        <form type="descendant">
                          <lang>Macedonian</lang>
                          <orth>тапа (tapa)</orth>
                        </form>
                        <form type="descendant">
                          <lang>Romanian</lang>
                          <orth>tapă</orth>
                        </form>
                        <form type="descendant">
                          <lang>Turkish</lang>
                          <orth>tıpa, tapa</orth>
                        </form>
                      </form>
                    </form>
                  </form>
                </form>
              </item>
              <item>
                <form type="descendant">
                  <lang>Proto-West Germanic</lang>
                  <orth>*tappō</orth>
                  <form type="descendant">
                    <lang>Old French</lang>
                    <orth>tape, tapon, tampon</orth>
                    <form type="descendant">
                      <lang>Middle English</lang>
                      <orth>tampion</orth>
                      <form type="descendant">
                        <lang>English</lang>
                        <orth>tampion, tampon</orth>
                      </form>
                    </form>
                  </form>
                </form>
              </item>
              <item>
                <form type="descendant">
                  <lang>Proto-West Germanic</lang>
                  <orth>*tappō</orth>
                  <form type="descendant">
                    <lang>Old French</lang>
                    <orth>tape, tapon, tampon</orth>
                    <form type="descendant">
                      <lang>Middle French</lang>
                      <orth>tape, tampon</orth>
                      <form type="descendant">
                        <lang>French</lang>
                        <orth>tape, tampon</orth>
                      </form>
                    </form>
                  </form>
                </form>
              </item>
              <item>
                <form type="descendant">
                  <lang>Proto-West Germanic</lang>
                  <orth>*tappō</orth>
                  <form type="descendant">
                    <lang>Old Frisian</lang>
                    <orth>*tappa, tap</orth>
                    <form type="descendant">
                      <lang>Saterland Frisian</lang>
                      <orth>Tappe</orth>
                    </form>
                    <form type="descendant">
                      <lang>West Frisian</lang>
                      <orth>tap, taap</orth>
                    </form>
                  </form>
                </form>
              </item>
              <item>
                <form type="descendant">
                  <lang>Proto-West Germanic</lang>
                  <orth>*tappō</orth>
                  <form type="descendant">
                    <lang>Old High German</lang>
                    <orth>zapfo, zapho</orth>
                    <form type="descendant">
                      <lang>Italian</lang>
                      <orth>zaffo</orth>
                    </form>
                  </form>
                </form>
              </item>
              <item>
                <form type="descendant">
                  <lang>Proto-West Germanic</lang>
                  <orth>*tappō</orth>
                  <form type="descendant">
                    <lang>Old High German</lang>
                    <orth>zapfo, zapho</orth>
                    <form type="descendant">
                      <lang>Middle High German</lang>
                      <orth>zapfe</orth>
                      <form type="descendant">
                        <lang>German</lang>
                        <orth>Zapfen</orth>
                      </form>
                      <form type="descendant">
                        <lang>Luxembourgish</lang>
                        <orth>Zap</orth>
                      </form>
                    </form>
                  </form>
                </form>
              </item>
              <item>
                <form type="descendant">
                  <lang>Proto-West Germanic</lang>
                  <orth>*tappō</orth>
                  <form type="descendant">
                    <lang>Old Saxon</lang>
                    <orth>*tappo</orth>
                    <form type="descendant">
                      <lang>Middle Low German</lang>
                      <orth>tappe</orth>
                      <form type="descendant">
                        <lang>German Low German</lang>
                        <orth>Tapp</orth>
                      </form>
                    </form>
                  </form>
                </form>
              </item>
              <item>
                <form type="descendant">
                  <lang>Old Norse</lang>
                  <orth>tappi</orth>
                  <form type="descendant">
                    <lang>Danish</lang>
                    <orth>tap</orth>
                  </form>
                  <form type="descendant">
                    <lang>Faroese</lang>
                    <orth>tappur</orth>
                  </form>
                  <form type="descendant">
                    <lang>Icelandic</lang>
                    <orth>tappi</orth>
                  </form>
                  <form type="descendant">
                    <lang>Norwegian</lang>
                    <orth>tappe</orth>
                  </form>
                </form>
              </item>
              <item>
                <form type="descendant">
                  <lang>Old Norse</lang>
                  <orth>tappi</orth>
                  <form type="descendant">
                    <lang>Swedish</lang>
                    <orth>tapp</orth>
                    <form type="descendant">
                      <lang>Finnish</lang>
                      <orth>tappi</orth>
                    </form>
                  </form>
                </form>
              </item>
              <item>
                <form type="descendant">
                  <lang>Gothic</lang>
                  <orth>*𐍄𐌰𐍀𐍀𐌰 (*tappa)</orth>
                  <form type="descendant">
                    <lang>Galician</lang>
                    <orth>tapa, tampa</orth>
                  </form>
                  <form type="descendant">
                    <lang>Portuguese</lang>
                    <orth>tapa, tampa</orth>
                  </form>
                  <form type="descendant">
                    <lang>Spanish</lang>
                    <orth>tapa</orth>
                  </form>
                </form>
              </item>
            </list>
          </re>
        </entry>
      </div>
    </body>
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