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  <teiHeader>
    <fileDesc>
      <titleStmt>
        <title type="main">Wurdahuzdą: Proto-Germanic dictionary — *tarbijaną</title>
        <author>Scott K. Shay</author>
      </titleStmt>
      <publicationStmt>
        <publisher>Wardja Press</publisher>
        <date when="2026-10-01"/>
        <idno type="URL">https://protogermanic.org/pgmc_tarbijaną</idno>
      </publicationStmt>
      <sourceDesc>
        <p>Single-entry extract from the dictionary. Cross-references to other entries point to their identifiers in the full dictionary.</p>
      </sourceDesc>
    </fileDesc>
  </teiHeader>
  <text>
    <body>
      <list type="cognates">
        <item xml:id="cog_ine-x-proto_derbh" xml:lang="ine-x-proto" type="etymon">
          <orth>*derbʰ-</orth>
          <def>to plait, braid, twist, spin, weave, wind</def>
        </item>
      </list>
      <div type="dictionary">
        <entry xml:id="pgmc_tarbijana" type="verb" corresp="https://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/Reconstruction:Proto-Germanic/tarbijaną">
          <form type="lemma">
            <orth>tarbijaną</orth>
            <pron notation="ipa">ˈtɑr.βi.jɑ.nɑ̃</pron>
            <form type="runic">
              <orth>ᛏᚨᚱᛒᛁᛃᚨᚾᚨ</orth>
            </form>
          </form>
          <gramGrp>
            <pos>verb</pos>
            <gram type="class">Weak class 1</gram>
          </gramGrp>
          <sense n="1">
            <def>to wind; spin</def>
          </sense>
          <sense n="2">
            <def>to fling; throw</def>
          </sense>
          <etym>
            <seg type="p">From Proto-Indo-European *dorbʰéyeti, a causative formation of Proto-Indo-European <mentioned xml:lang="ine-x-proto" target="#cog_ine-x-proto_derbh"><ref target="#cog_ine-x-proto_derbh">*derbʰ-</ref></mentioned> (‘to plait, braid, twist, spin, weave, wind’). A direct cognate with दर्भयति (darbháyati).</seg>
          </etym>
          <re type="paradigm">
            <form type="inflected" ana="#pres #ind #act #p1 #sg">
              <orth>tarbijō</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#pres #subj #act #p1 #sg">
              <orth>tarbijaų</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#pres #ind #pass #p1 #sg">
              <orth>tarbijai</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#pres #ind #act #p2 #sg">
              <orth>tarbīsi</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#pres #subj #act #p2 #sg">
              <orth>tarbijais</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#pres #imper #act #p2 #sg">
              <orth>tarbī</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#pres #ind #pass #p2 #sg">
              <orth>tarbijasai</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#pres #subj #pass #p2 #sg">
              <orth>tarbijaisau</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#pres #ind #act #p3 #sg">
              <orth>tarbīþi</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#pres #subj #act #p3 #sg">
              <orth>tarbijai</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#pres #imper #act #p3 #sg">
              <orth>tarbijaþau</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#pres #ind #pass #p3 #sg">
              <orth>tarbijaþai</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#pres #subj #pass #p3 #sg">
              <orth>tarbijaiþau</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#pres #ind #act #p1 #du">
              <orth>tarbijōs</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#pres #subj #act #p1 #du">
              <orth>tarbijaiw</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#pres #ind #act #p2 #du">
              <orth>tarbijaþiz</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#pres #subj #act #p2 #du">
              <orth>tarbijaiþiz</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#pres #imper #act #p2 #du">
              <orth>tarbijaþiz</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#pres #ind #act #p1 #pl">
              <orth>tarbijamaz</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#pres #subj #act #p1 #pl">
              <orth>tarbijaim</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#pres #ind #pass #p1 #pl">
              <orth>tarbijanþai</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#pres #subj #pass #p1 #pl">
              <orth>tarbijainþau</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#pres #ind #act #p2 #pl">
              <orth>tarbīþ</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#pres #subj #act #p2 #pl">
              <orth>tarbijaiþ</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#pres #imper #act #p2 #pl">
              <orth>tarbīþ</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#pres #ind #pass #p2 #pl">
              <orth>tarbijanþai</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#pres #subj #pass #p2 #pl">
              <orth>tarbijainþau</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#pres #ind #act #p3 #pl">
              <orth>tarbijanþi</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#pres #subj #act #p3 #pl">
              <orth>tarbijain</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#pres #imper #act #p3 #pl">
              <orth>tarbijanþau</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#pres #ind #pass #p3 #pl">
              <orth>tarbijanþai</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#pres #subj #pass #p3 #pl">
              <orth>tarbijainþau</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#past #ind #p1 #sg">
              <orth>tarbidǭ</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#past #subj #p1 #sg">
              <orth>tarbidēdį̄</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#past #ind #p2 #sg">
              <orth>tarbidēz</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#past #subj #p2 #sg">
              <orth>tarbidēdīz</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#past #ind #p3 #sg">
              <orth>tarbidē</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#past #subj #p3 #sg">
              <orth>tarbidēdī</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#past #ind #p1 #du">
              <orth>tarbidēdū</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#past #subj #p1 #du">
              <orth>tarbidēdīw</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#past #ind #p2 #du">
              <orth>tarbidēdudiz</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#past #subj #p2 #du">
              <orth>tarbidēdīdiz</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#past #ind #p1 #pl">
              <orth>tarbidēdum</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#past #subj #p1 #pl">
              <orth>tarbidēdīm</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#past #ind #p2 #pl">
              <orth>tarbidēdud</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#past #subj #p2 #pl">
              <orth>tarbidēdīd</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#past #ind #p3 #pl">
              <orth>tarbidēdun</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#past #subj #p3 #pl">
              <orth>tarbidēdīn</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="participle" subtype="present">
              <orth>tarbijandz</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="participle" subtype="past">
              <orth>tarbidaz</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="infinitive">
              <orth>tarbijaną</orth>
            </form>
          </re>
          <re type="descendants">
            <list>
              <item>
                <form type="descendant">
                  <lang>Proto-West Germanic</lang>
                  <orth>*tarbijan</orth>
                  <form type="descendant">
                    <lang>Old English</lang>
                    <orth>*tierfan, *tyrfan, *tyrfian</orth>
                    <form type="descendant">
                      <lang>Old English</lang>
                      <orth>ġetyrfan, ġetyrfian</orth>
                    </form>
                  </form>
                </form>
              </item>
              <item>
                <form type="descendant">
                  <lang>Proto-West Germanic</lang>
                  <orth>*tarbijan</orth>
                  <form type="descendant">
                    <lang>Old English</lang>
                    <orth>*tierfan, *tyrfan, *tyrfian</orth>
                    <form type="descendant">
                      <lang>Middle English</lang>
                      <orth>tirven, tyrven, terven</orth>
                      <form type="descendant">
                        <lang>English</lang>
                        <orth>topsy-turvy</orth>
                      </form>
                      <form type="descendant">
                        <lang>Scots</lang>
                        <orth>tirvie</orth>
                      </form>
                    </form>
                  </form>
                </form>
              </item>
              <item>
                <form type="descendant">
                  <lang>Proto-West Germanic</lang>
                  <orth>*tarbijan</orth>
                  <form type="descendant">
                    <lang>Old English</lang>
                    <orth>*tierfan, *tyrfan, *tyrfian</orth>
                    <form type="descendant">
                      <lang>Middle English</lang>
                      <orth>tirven, tyrven, terven</orth>
                      <form type="descendant">
                        <lang>Middle English</lang>
                        <orth>overterven, overtarven</orth>
                        <form type="descendant">
                          <lang>Scots</lang>
                          <orth>overtirve, ourtirve</orth>
                        </form>
                      </form>
                    </form>
                  </form>
                </form>
              </item>
              <item>
                <form type="descendant">
                  <lang>Proto-West Germanic</lang>
                  <orth>*tarbijan</orth>
                  <form type="descendant">
                    <lang>Old English</lang>
                    <orth>*tierfan, *tyrfan, *tyrfian</orth>
                    <form type="descendant">
                      <lang>Middle English</lang>
                      <orth>tirven, tyrven, terven</orth>
                      <form type="descendant">
                        <lang>Middle English</lang>
                        <orth>tyrf, tyrfe</orth>
                        <form type="descendant">
                          <lang>English</lang>
                          <orth>tirfe</orth>
                        </form>
                      </form>
                    </form>
                  </form>
                </form>
              </item>
              <item>
                <form type="descendant">
                  <lang>Proto-West Germanic</lang>
                  <orth>*tarbijan</orth>
                  <form type="descendant">
                    <lang>Old High German</lang>
                    <orth>zerben</orth>
                    <form type="descendant">
                      <lang>Middle High German</lang>
                      <orth>zirben</orth>
                    </form>
                  </form>
                </form>
              </item>
            </list>
          </re>
        </entry>
      </div>
    </body>
  </text>
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