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  <teiHeader>
    <fileDesc>
      <titleStmt>
        <title type="main">Wurdahuzdą: Proto-Germanic dictionary — *tawjaną</title>
        <author>Scott K. Shay</author>
      </titleStmt>
      <publicationStmt>
        <publisher>Wardja Press</publisher>
        <date when="2026-10-02"/>
        <idno type="URL">https://protogermanic.org/pgmc_tawjaną</idno>
      </publicationStmt>
      <sourceDesc>
        <p>Single-entry extract from the dictionary. Cross-references to other entries point to their identifiers in the full dictionary.</p>
      </sourceDesc>
    </fileDesc>
  </teiHeader>
  <text>
    <body>
      <list type="cognates">
        <item xml:id="cog_grc_dunamai" xml:lang="grc" type="cognate">
          <orth>δύναμαι</orth>
          <form type="translit">
            <orth>dúnamai</orth>
          </form>
        </item>
        <item xml:id="cog_ine-x-proto_dewh2" xml:lang="ine-x-proto" type="etymon">
          <orth>*dewh₂-</orth>
          <def>to fit</def>
        </item>
      </list>
      <div type="dictionary">
        <entry xml:id="pgmc_tawjana" type="verb" corresp="https://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/Reconstruction:Proto-Germanic/tawjaną">
          <form type="lemma">
            <orth>tawjaną</orth>
            <pron notation="ipa">ˈtɑu̯.jɑ.nɑ̃</pron>
            <form type="runic">
              <orth>ᛏᚨᚹᛃᚨᚾᚨ</orth>
            </form>
          </form>
          <gramGrp>
            <pos>verb</pos>
            <gram type="class">Weak class 1</gram>
          </gramGrp>
          <sense n="1">
            <def>to make, complete</def>
          </sense>
          <etym>
            <seg type="p">Factitive derived from an adjective *tawaz, from Pre-Germanic *dowh₂os, from Proto-Indo-European <mentioned xml:lang="ine-x-proto" target="#cog_ine-x-proto_dewh2"><ref target="#cog_ine-x-proto_dewh2">*dewh₂-</ref></mentioned> (‘to fit’). Possibly attested as *gatawaz, borrowed into Proto-Slavic *gotovъ, though this is disputed.</seg>
            <seg type="p">Cognate with Tocharian B tsuwa and Ancient Greek <mentioned xml:lang="grc" target="#cog_grc_dunamai"><ref target="#cog_grc_dunamai">δύναμαι</ref></mentioned> (dúnamai).</seg>
          </etym>
          <re type="paradigm">
            <form type="inflected" ana="#pres #ind #act #p1 #sg">
              <orth>tawjō</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#pres #subj #act #p1 #sg">
              <orth>tawjaų</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#pres #ind #pass #p1 #sg">
              <orth>tawjai</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#pres #ind #act #p2 #sg">
              <orth>tawisi</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#pres #subj #act #p2 #sg">
              <orth>tawjais</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#pres #imper #act #p2 #sg">
              <orth>tawi</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#pres #ind #pass #p2 #sg">
              <orth>tawjasai</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#pres #subj #pass #p2 #sg">
              <orth>tawjaisau</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#pres #ind #act #p3 #sg">
              <orth>tawiþi</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#pres #subj #act #p3 #sg">
              <orth>tawjai</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#pres #imper #act #p3 #sg">
              <orth>tawjaþau</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#pres #ind #pass #p3 #sg">
              <orth>tawjaþai</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#pres #subj #pass #p3 #sg">
              <orth>tawjaiþau</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#pres #ind #act #p1 #du">
              <orth>tawjōs</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#pres #subj #act #p1 #du">
              <orth>tawjaiw</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#pres #ind #act #p2 #du">
              <orth>tawjaþiz</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#pres #subj #act #p2 #du">
              <orth>tawjaiþiz</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#pres #imper #act #p2 #du">
              <orth>tawjaþiz</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#pres #ind #act #p1 #pl">
              <orth>tawjamaz</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#pres #subj #act #p1 #pl">
              <orth>tawjaim</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#pres #ind #pass #p1 #pl">
              <orth>tawjanþai</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#pres #subj #pass #p1 #pl">
              <orth>tawjainþau</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#pres #ind #act #p2 #pl">
              <orth>tawiþ</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#pres #subj #act #p2 #pl">
              <orth>tawjaiþ</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#pres #imper #act #p2 #pl">
              <orth>tawiþ</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#pres #ind #pass #p2 #pl">
              <orth>tawjanþai</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#pres #subj #pass #p2 #pl">
              <orth>tawjainþau</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#pres #ind #act #p3 #pl">
              <orth>tawjanþi</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#pres #subj #act #p3 #pl">
              <orth>tawjain</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#pres #imper #act #p3 #pl">
              <orth>tawjanþau</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#pres #ind #pass #p3 #pl">
              <orth>tawjanþai</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#pres #subj #pass #p3 #pl">
              <orth>tawjainþau</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#past #ind #p1 #sg">
              <orth>tawidǭ</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#past #subj #p1 #sg">
              <orth>tawidēdį̄</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#past #ind #p2 #sg">
              <orth>tawidēz</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#past #subj #p2 #sg">
              <orth>tawidēdīz</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#past #ind #p3 #sg">
              <orth>tawidē</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#past #subj #p3 #sg">
              <orth>tawidēdī</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#past #ind #p1 #du">
              <orth>tawidēdū</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#past #subj #p1 #du">
              <orth>tawidēdīw</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#past #ind #p2 #du">
              <orth>tawidēdudiz</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#past #subj #p2 #du">
              <orth>tawidēdīdiz</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#past #ind #p1 #pl">
              <orth>tawidēdum</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#past #subj #p1 #pl">
              <orth>tawidēdīm</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#past #ind #p2 #pl">
              <orth>tawidēdud</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#past #subj #p2 #pl">
              <orth>tawidēdīd</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#past #ind #p3 #pl">
              <orth>tawidēdun</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#past #subj #p3 #pl">
              <orth>tawidēdīn</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="participle" subtype="present">
              <orth>tawjandz</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="participle" subtype="past">
              <orth>tawidaz</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="infinitive">
              <orth>tawjaną</orth>
            </form>
          </re>
          <re type="descendants">
            <list>
              <item>
                <form type="descendant">
                  <lang>Proto-West Germanic</lang>
                  <orth>*tauwjan</orth>
                  <form type="descendant">
                    <lang>Old Dutch</lang>
                    <orth>*touwen, *tōien</orth>
                    <form type="descendant">
                      <lang>Middle Dutch</lang>
                      <orth>touwen, tôyen, tooyen</orth>
                      <form type="descendant">
                        <lang>Dutch</lang>
                        <orth>touwen, tooien</orth>
                        <form type="descendant">
                          <lang>Afrikaans</lang>
                          <orth>tooi</orth>
                        </form>
                      </form>
                    </form>
                  </form>
                </form>
              </item>
              <item>
                <form type="descendant">
                  <lang>Proto-West Germanic</lang>
                  <orth>*tauwjan</orth>
                  <form type="descendant">
                    <lang>Old English</lang>
                    <orth>tawian, *tawōn, tēaġan, tēan</orth>
                    <form type="descendant">
                      <lang>Middle English</lang>
                      <orth>tawen, tauwen, tewen</orth>
                      <form type="descendant">
                        <lang>English</lang>
                        <orth>taw, tew</orth>
                      </form>
                      <form type="descendant">
                        <lang>Scots</lang>
                        <orth>taw</orth>
                      </form>
                    </form>
                  </form>
                </form>
              </item>
              <item>
                <form type="descendant">
                  <lang>Proto-West Germanic</lang>
                  <orth>*tauwjan</orth>
                  <form type="descendant">
                    <lang>Old High German</lang>
                    <orth>zouwen</orth>
                    <form type="descendant">
                      <lang>Middle High German</lang>
                      <orth>zouwen, bezouwen, enzouwen, erzouwen, zöuwen</orth>
                    </form>
                  </form>
                </form>
              </item>
              <item>
                <form type="descendant">
                  <lang>Proto-West Germanic</lang>
                  <orth>*tauwjan</orth>
                  <form type="descendant">
                    <lang>Old Saxon</lang>
                    <orth>*tōian</orth>
                    <form type="descendant">
                      <lang>Middle Low German</lang>
                      <orth>touwen</orth>
                    </form>
                  </form>
                </form>
              </item>
              <item>
                <form type="descendant">
                  <lang>Proto-West Germanic</lang>
                  <orth>*tawōn</orth>
                  <form type="descendant">
                    <lang>Old Dutch</lang>
                    <orth>*touwen, *tōien</orth>
                    <form type="descendant">
                      <lang>Middle Dutch</lang>
                      <orth>touwen, tôyen, tooyen</orth>
                      <form type="descendant">
                        <lang>Dutch</lang>
                        <orth>touwen, tooien</orth>
                        <form type="descendant">
                          <lang>Afrikaans</lang>
                          <orth>tooi</orth>
                        </form>
                      </form>
                    </form>
                  </form>
                </form>
              </item>
              <item>
                <form type="descendant">
                  <lang>Proto-West Germanic</lang>
                  <orth>*tawōn</orth>
                  <form type="descendant">
                    <lang>Old English</lang>
                    <orth>tawian, *tawōn, tēaġan, tēan</orth>
                    <form type="descendant">
                      <lang>Middle English</lang>
                      <orth>tawen, tauwen, tewen</orth>
                      <form type="descendant">
                        <lang>English</lang>
                        <orth>taw, tew</orth>
                      </form>
                      <form type="descendant">
                        <lang>Scots</lang>
                        <orth>taw</orth>
                      </form>
                    </form>
                  </form>
                </form>
              </item>
              <item>
                <form type="descendant">
                  <lang>Proto-West Germanic</lang>
                  <orth>*tawōn</orth>
                  <form type="descendant">
                    <lang>Old High German</lang>
                    <orth>zouwen</orth>
                    <form type="descendant">
                      <lang>Middle High German</lang>
                      <orth>zouwen, bezouwen, enzouwen, erzouwen, zöuwen</orth>
                    </form>
                  </form>
                </form>
              </item>
              <item>
                <form type="descendant">
                  <lang>Proto-West Germanic</lang>
                  <orth>*tawōn</orth>
                  <form type="descendant">
                    <lang>Old Saxon</lang>
                    <orth>*tōian</orth>
                    <form type="descendant">
                      <lang>Middle Low German</lang>
                      <orth>touwen</orth>
                    </form>
                  </form>
                </form>
              </item>
              <item>
                <form type="descendant">
                  <lang>Proto-Norse</lang>
                  <orth>ᛏᚨᚹᛁᛞᛟ (tawidō)</orth>
                  <form type="descendant">
                    <lang>Old Norse</lang>
                    <orth>tjá, tœja, tǿja, týja, tjóa</orth>
                    <form type="descendant">
                      <lang>Icelandic</lang>
                      <orth>tjá, tæja, týja, tjóa</orth>
                    </form>
                    <form type="descendant">
                      <lang>Swedish</lang>
                      <orth>te, töja, tya, tjuga</orth>
                    </form>
                  </form>
                </form>
              </item>
              <item>
                <form type="descendant">
                  <lang>Proto-Norse</lang>
                  <orth>ᛏᚨᚹᛁᛞᛖ (tawidē)</orth>
                  <form type="descendant">
                    <lang>Old Norse</lang>
                    <orth>tjá, tœja, tǿja, týja, tjóa</orth>
                    <form type="descendant">
                      <lang>Icelandic</lang>
                      <orth>tjá, tæja, týja, tjóa</orth>
                    </form>
                    <form type="descendant">
                      <lang>Swedish</lang>
                      <orth>te, töja, tya, tjuga</orth>
                    </form>
                  </form>
                </form>
              </item>
              <item>
                <form type="descendant">
                  <lang>Gothic</lang>
                  <orth>𐍄𐌰𐌿𐌾𐌰𐌽 (taujan)</orth>
                  <form type="descendant">
                    <lang>Galician</lang>
                    <orth>ataviar</orth>
                  </form>
                  <form type="descendant">
                    <lang>Portuguese</lang>
                    <orth>ataviar</orth>
                  </form>
                  <form type="descendant">
                    <lang>Spanish</lang>
                    <orth>ataviar</orth>
                  </form>
                </form>
              </item>
            </list>
          </re>
        </entry>
      </div>
    </body>
  </text>
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