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  <teiHeader>
    <fileDesc>
      <titleStmt>
        <title type="main">Wurdahuzdą: Proto-Germanic dictionary — *tinganą</title>
        <author>Scott K. Shay</author>
      </titleStmt>
      <publicationStmt>
        <publisher>Wardja Press</publisher>
        <date when="2026-10-01"/>
        <idno type="URL">https://protogermanic.org/pgmc_tinganą</idno>
      </publicationStmt>
      <sourceDesc>
        <p>Single-entry extract from the dictionary. Cross-references to other entries point to their identifiers in the full dictionary.</p>
      </sourceDesc>
    </fileDesc>
  </teiHeader>
  <text>
    <body>
      <list type="cognates">
        <item xml:id="cog_ine-x-proto_denk" xml:lang="ine-x-proto" type="etymon">
          <orth>*denḱ-</orth>
          <def>to bite</def>
        </item>
      </list>
      <div type="dictionary">
        <entry xml:id="pgmc_tingana" type="verb" corresp="https://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/Reconstruction:Proto-Germanic/tinganą">
          <form type="lemma">
            <orth>tinganą</orth>
            <pron notation="ipa">ˈtiŋ.ɡɑ.nɑ̃</pron>
            <form type="runic">
              <orth>ᛏᛁᚾᚷᚨᚾᚨ</orth>
            </form>
          </form>
          <gramGrp>
            <pos>verb</pos>
            <gram type="class">Strong class 3</gram>
          </gramGrp>
          <sense n="1">
            <def>to press upon, throng</def>
          </sense>
          <etym>
            <seg type="p">From Proto-Indo-European <mentioned xml:lang="ine-x-proto" target="#cog_ine-x-proto_denk"><ref target="#cog_ine-x-proto_denk">*denḱ-</ref></mentioned> (‘to bite’), with -ng- instead of expected -nh-. But compare Old English *þingan, geþingan (‘to thrive’) which continues Proto-Germanic *þinhaną.</seg>
          </etym>
          <re type="paradigm">
            <form type="inflected" ana="#pres #ind #act #p1 #sg">
              <orth>tingō</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#pres #subj #act #p1 #sg">
              <orth>tingaų</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#pres #ind #pass #p1 #sg">
              <orth>tingai</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#pres #ind #act #p2 #sg">
              <orth>tingizi</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#pres #subj #act #p2 #sg">
              <orth>tingaiz</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#pres #imper #act #p2 #sg">
              <orth>ting</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#pres #ind #pass #p2 #sg">
              <orth>tingazai</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#pres #subj #pass #p2 #sg">
              <orth>tingaizau</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#pres #ind #act #p3 #sg">
              <orth>tingidi</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#pres #subj #act #p3 #sg">
              <orth>tingai</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#pres #imper #act #p3 #sg">
              <orth>tingadau</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#pres #ind #pass #p3 #sg">
              <orth>tingadai</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#pres #subj #pass #p3 #sg">
              <orth>tingaidau</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#pres #ind #act #p1 #du">
              <orth>tingōz</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#pres #subj #act #p1 #du">
              <orth>tingaiw</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#pres #ind #act #p2 #du">
              <orth>tingadiz</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#pres #subj #act #p2 #du">
              <orth>tingaidiz</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#pres #imper #act #p2 #du">
              <orth>tingadiz</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#pres #ind #act #p1 #pl">
              <orth>tingamaz</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#pres #subj #act #p1 #pl">
              <orth>tingaim</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#pres #ind #pass #p1 #pl">
              <orth>tingandai</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#pres #subj #pass #p1 #pl">
              <orth>tingaindau</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#pres #ind #act #p2 #pl">
              <orth>tingid</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#pres #subj #act #p2 #pl">
              <orth>tingaid</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#pres #imper #act #p2 #pl">
              <orth>tingid</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#pres #ind #pass #p2 #pl">
              <orth>tingandai</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#pres #subj #pass #p2 #pl">
              <orth>tingaindau</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#pres #ind #act #p3 #pl">
              <orth>tingandi</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#pres #subj #act #p3 #pl">
              <orth>tingain</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#pres #imper #act #p3 #pl">
              <orth>tingandau</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#pres #ind #pass #p3 #pl">
              <orth>tingandai</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#pres #subj #pass #p3 #pl">
              <orth>tingaindau</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#past #ind #p1 #sg">
              <orth>tang</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#past #subj #p1 #sg">
              <orth>tungį̄</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#past #ind #p2 #sg">
              <orth>tanht</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#past #subj #p2 #sg">
              <orth>tungīz</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#past #ind #p3 #sg">
              <orth>tang</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#past #subj #p3 #sg">
              <orth>tungī</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#past #ind #p1 #du">
              <orth>tungū</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#past #subj #p1 #du">
              <orth>tungīw</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#past #ind #p2 #du">
              <orth>tungudiz</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#past #subj #p2 #du">
              <orth>tungīdiz</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#past #ind #p1 #pl">
              <orth>tungum</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#past #subj #p1 #pl">
              <orth>tungīm</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#past #ind #p2 #pl">
              <orth>tungud</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#past #subj #p2 #pl">
              <orth>tungīd</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#past #ind #p3 #pl">
              <orth>tungun</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#past #subj #p3 #pl">
              <orth>tungīn</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="participle" subtype="present">
              <orth>tingandz</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="participle" subtype="past">
              <orth>tunganaz</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="infinitive">
              <orth>tinganą</orth>
            </form>
          </re>
          <re type="descendants">
            <list>
              <item>
                <form type="descendant">
                  <lang>Old English</lang>
                  <orth>*tingan</orth>
                </form>
              </item>
              <item>
                <form type="descendant">
                  <lang>Old English</lang>
                  <orth>getingan</orth>
                </form>
              </item>
            </list>
          </re>
        </entry>
      </div>
    </body>
  </text>
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