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    <fileDesc>
      <titleStmt>
        <title type="main">Wurdahuzdą: Proto-Germanic dictionary — *triwwijaną</title>
        <author>Scott K. Shay</author>
      </titleStmt>
      <publicationStmt>
        <publisher>Wardja Press</publisher>
        <date when="2026-10-03"/>
        <idno type="URL">https://protogermanic.org/pgmc_triwwijaną</idno>
      </publicationStmt>
      <sourceDesc>
        <p>Single-entry extract from the dictionary. Cross-references to other entries point to their identifiers in the full dictionary.</p>
      </sourceDesc>
    </fileDesc>
  </teiHeader>
  <text>
    <body>
      <div type="dictionary">
        <entry xml:id="pgmc_triwwijana" type="verb" corresp="https://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/Reconstruction:Proto-Germanic/triwwijaną">
          <form type="lemma">
            <orth>triwwijaną</orth>
            <pron notation="ipa">ˈtriw.wi.jɑ.nɑ̃</pron>
            <form type="runic">
              <orth>ᛏᚱᛁᚹᛁᛃᚨᚾᚨ</orth>
            </form>
          </form>
          <gramGrp>
            <pos>verb</pos>
            <gram type="class">Weak class 1</gram>
          </gramGrp>
          <sense n="1">
            <def>to make faithful</def>
          </sense>
          <sense n="2">
            <def>to ally, form a relation with</def>
          </sense>
          <sense n="3">
            <def>to trust, have faith in</def>
          </sense>
          <etym>
            <seg type="p">From *triwwiz (‘true, faithful’) + *-janą and *trewwō (‘fidelity, pledge’) + *-janą.</seg>
          </etym>
          <re type="paradigm">
            <form type="inflected" ana="#pres #ind #act #p1 #sg">
              <orth>triwwijō</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#pres #subj #act #p1 #sg">
              <orth>triwwijaų</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#pres #ind #pass #p1 #sg">
              <orth>triwwijai</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#pres #ind #act #p2 #sg">
              <orth>triwwīsi</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#pres #subj #act #p2 #sg">
              <orth>triwwijais</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#pres #imper #act #p2 #sg">
              <orth>triwwī</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#pres #ind #pass #p2 #sg">
              <orth>triwwijasai</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#pres #subj #pass #p2 #sg">
              <orth>triwwijaisau</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#pres #ind #act #p3 #sg">
              <orth>triwwīþi</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#pres #subj #act #p3 #sg">
              <orth>triwwijai</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#pres #imper #act #p3 #sg">
              <orth>triwwijaþau</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#pres #ind #pass #p3 #sg">
              <orth>triwwijaþai</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#pres #subj #pass #p3 #sg">
              <orth>triwwijaiþau</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#pres #ind #act #p1 #du">
              <orth>triwwijōs</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#pres #subj #act #p1 #du">
              <orth>triwwijaiw</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#pres #ind #act #p2 #du">
              <orth>triwwijaþiz</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#pres #subj #act #p2 #du">
              <orth>triwwijaiþiz</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#pres #imper #act #p2 #du">
              <orth>triwwijaþiz</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#pres #ind #act #p1 #pl">
              <orth>triwwijamaz</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#pres #subj #act #p1 #pl">
              <orth>triwwijaim</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#pres #ind #pass #p1 #pl">
              <orth>triwwijanþai</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#pres #subj #pass #p1 #pl">
              <orth>triwwijainþau</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#pres #ind #act #p2 #pl">
              <orth>triwwīþ</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#pres #subj #act #p2 #pl">
              <orth>triwwijaiþ</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#pres #imper #act #p2 #pl">
              <orth>triwwīþ</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#pres #ind #pass #p2 #pl">
              <orth>triwwijanþai</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#pres #subj #pass #p2 #pl">
              <orth>triwwijainþau</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#pres #ind #act #p3 #pl">
              <orth>triwwijanþi</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#pres #subj #act #p3 #pl">
              <orth>triwwijain</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#pres #imper #act #p3 #pl">
              <orth>triwwijanþau</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#pres #ind #pass #p3 #pl">
              <orth>triwwijanþai</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#pres #subj #pass #p3 #pl">
              <orth>triwwijainþau</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#past #ind #p1 #sg">
              <orth>triwwidǭ</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#past #subj #p1 #sg">
              <orth>triwwidēdį̄</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#past #ind #p2 #sg">
              <orth>triwwidēz</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#past #subj #p2 #sg">
              <orth>triwwidēdīz</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#past #ind #p3 #sg">
              <orth>triwwidē</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#past #subj #p3 #sg">
              <orth>triwwidēdī</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#past #ind #p1 #du">
              <orth>triwwidēdū</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#past #subj #p1 #du">
              <orth>triwwidēdīw</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#past #ind #p2 #du">
              <orth>triwwidēdudiz</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#past #subj #p2 #du">
              <orth>triwwidēdīdiz</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#past #ind #p1 #pl">
              <orth>triwwidēdum</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#past #subj #p1 #pl">
              <orth>triwwidēdīm</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#past #ind #p2 #pl">
              <orth>triwwidēdud</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#past #subj #p2 #pl">
              <orth>triwwidēdīd</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#past #ind #p3 #pl">
              <orth>triwwidēdun</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#past #subj #p3 #pl">
              <orth>triwwidēdīn</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="participle" subtype="present">
              <orth>triwwijandz</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="participle" subtype="past">
              <orth>triwwidaz</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="infinitive">
              <orth>triwwijaną</orth>
            </form>
          </re>
          <re type="descendants">
            <list>
              <item>
                <form type="descendant">
                  <lang>Proto-West Germanic</lang>
                  <orth>*triuwijan</orth>
                  <form type="descendant">
                    <lang>Old Dutch</lang>
                    <orth>*triuwen</orth>
                    <form type="descendant">
                      <lang>Middle Dutch</lang>
                      <orth>truwen, trouwen</orth>
                      <form type="descendant">
                        <lang>Dutch</lang>
                        <orth>trouwen</orth>
                      </form>
                    </form>
                  </form>
                </form>
              </item>
              <item>
                <form type="descendant">
                  <lang>Proto-West Germanic</lang>
                  <orth>*triuwijan</orth>
                  <form type="descendant">
                    <lang>Old English</lang>
                    <orth>trēowan, trīewan, trȳwan</orth>
                    <form type="descendant">
                      <lang>Middle English</lang>
                      <orth>trewen, trowen</orth>
                      <form type="descendant">
                        <lang>English</lang>
                        <orth>trow</orth>
                      </form>
                      <form type="descendant">
                        <lang>Scots</lang>
                        <orth>trew, trow</orth>
                      </form>
                    </form>
                  </form>
                </form>
              </item>
              <item>
                <form type="descendant">
                  <lang>Proto-West Germanic</lang>
                  <orth>*triuwijan</orth>
                  <form type="descendant">
                    <lang>Old Frisian</lang>
                    <orth>triūwa, trōwa, trouwa</orth>
                    <form type="descendant">
                      <lang>Saterland Frisian</lang>
                      <orth>trjoue</orth>
                    </form>
                    <form type="descendant">
                      <lang>West Frisian</lang>
                      <orth>trouwe, trouje</orth>
                    </form>
                  </form>
                </form>
              </item>
              <item>
                <form type="descendant">
                  <lang>Proto-West Germanic</lang>
                  <orth>*triuwijan</orth>
                  <form type="descendant">
                    <lang>Old High German</lang>
                    <orth>*triuwen</orth>
                    <form type="descendant">
                      <lang>Old High German</lang>
                      <orth>gitriuwen</orth>
                    </form>
                  </form>
                </form>
              </item>
              <item>
                <form type="descendant">
                  <lang>Proto-West Germanic</lang>
                  <orth>*triuwijan</orth>
                  <form type="descendant">
                    <lang>Old High German</lang>
                    <orth>*triuwen</orth>
                    <form type="descendant">
                      <lang>Middle High German</lang>
                      <orth>triuwen, trouwen, trawen, trōwen, tröuwen</orth>
                      <form type="descendant">
                        <lang>German</lang>
                        <orth>trauen</orth>
                      </form>
                    </form>
                  </form>
                </form>
              </item>
              <item>
                <form type="descendant">
                  <lang>Proto-West Germanic</lang>
                  <orth>*triuwijan</orth>
                  <form type="descendant">
                    <lang>Old Saxon</lang>
                    <orth>triuwian</orth>
                    <form type="descendant">
                      <lang>Middle Low German</lang>
                      <orth>trûwen, trouwen</orth>
                    </form>
                  </form>
                </form>
              </item>
              <item>
                <form type="descendant">
                  <lang>Old Norse</lang>
                  <orth>tryggja</orth>
                  <form type="descendant">
                    <lang>Faroese</lang>
                    <orth>tryggja</orth>
                  </form>
                  <form type="descendant">
                    <lang>Icelandic</lang>
                    <orth>tryggja</orth>
                  </form>
                  <form type="descendant">
                    <lang>Norwegian Nynorsk</lang>
                    <orth>tryggja</orth>
                  </form>
                  <form type="descendant">
                    <lang>Swedish</lang>
                    <orth>trygga</orth>
                  </form>
                </form>
              </item>
              <item>
                <form type="descendant">
                  <lang>Old Norse</lang>
                  <orth>tryggja</orth>
                  <form type="descendant">
                    <lang>Danish</lang>
                    <orth>trygge</orth>
                    <form type="descendant">
                      <lang>Norwegian Bokmål</lang>
                      <orth>trygge</orth>
                    </form>
                  </form>
                </form>
              </item>
              <item>
                <form type="descendant">
                  <lang>Old Norse</lang>
                  <orth>tryggja</orth>
                  <form type="descendant">
                    <lang>Old English</lang>
                    <orth>*tryccan</orth>
                    <form type="descendant">
                      <lang>Old English</lang>
                      <orth>ġetryccan, ġetryċċan</orth>
                    </form>
                  </form>
                </form>
              </item>
              <item>
                <form type="descendant">
                  <lang>Old Norse</lang>
                  <orth>tryggva</orth>
                  <form type="descendant">
                    <lang>Faroese</lang>
                    <orth>tryggja</orth>
                  </form>
                  <form type="descendant">
                    <lang>Icelandic</lang>
                    <orth>tryggja</orth>
                  </form>
                  <form type="descendant">
                    <lang>Norwegian Nynorsk</lang>
                    <orth>tryggja</orth>
                  </form>
                  <form type="descendant">
                    <lang>Swedish</lang>
                    <orth>trygga</orth>
                  </form>
                </form>
              </item>
              <item>
                <form type="descendant">
                  <lang>Old Norse</lang>
                  <orth>tryggva</orth>
                  <form type="descendant">
                    <lang>Danish</lang>
                    <orth>trygge</orth>
                    <form type="descendant">
                      <lang>Norwegian Bokmål</lang>
                      <orth>trygge</orth>
                    </form>
                  </form>
                </form>
              </item>
              <item>
                <form type="descendant">
                  <lang>Old Norse</lang>
                  <orth>tryggva</orth>
                  <form type="descendant">
                    <lang>Old English</lang>
                    <orth>*tryccan</orth>
                    <form type="descendant">
                      <lang>Old English</lang>
                      <orth>ġetryccan, ġetryċċan</orth>
                    </form>
                  </form>
                </form>
              </item>
            </list>
          </re>
        </entry>
      </div>
    </body>
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