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    <fileDesc>
      <titleStmt>
        <title type="main">Wurdahuzdą: Proto-Germanic dictionary — *trūwāną</title>
        <author>Scott K. Shay</author>
      </titleStmt>
      <publicationStmt>
        <publisher>Wardja Press</publisher>
        <date when="2026-10-02"/>
        <idno type="URL">https://protogermanic.org/pgmc_trūwāną</idno>
      </publicationStmt>
      <sourceDesc>
        <p>Single-entry extract from the dictionary. Cross-references to other entries point to their identifiers in the full dictionary.</p>
      </sourceDesc>
    </fileDesc>
  </teiHeader>
  <text>
    <body>
      <div type="dictionary">
        <entry xml:id="pgmc_truwana" type="verb" corresp="https://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/Reconstruction:Proto-Germanic/trūwāną">
          <form type="lemma">
            <orth>trūwāną</orth>
            <pron notation="ipa">ˈtruː.wɑː.nɑ̃</pron>
            <form type="runic">
              <orth>ᛏᚱᚢᚹᚨᚾᚨ</orth>
            </form>
          </form>
          <gramGrp>
            <pos>verb</pos>
            <gram type="class">Weak class 3</gram>
          </gramGrp>
          <sense n="1">
            <def>to trust</def>
          </sense>
          <etym>
            <seg type="p">From *trūwaz (‘faithful’) + *-āną, with quasi-Indo-European form *druH-e₁-ye-ti. See *triwwiz (‘loyal, trustworthy’) for more.</seg>
          </etym>
          <re type="paradigm">
            <form type="inflected" ana="#pres #ind #act #p1 #sg">
              <orth>trūwō</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#pres #ind #act #p2 #sg">
              <orth>trūwaisi</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#pres #imper #act #p2 #sg">
              <orth>trūwai</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#pres #ind #pass #p2 #sg">
              <orth>trūwāsai</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#pres #ind #act #p3 #sg">
              <orth>trūwaiþi</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#pres #imper #act #p3 #sg">
              <orth>trūwāþau</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#pres #ind #pass #p3 #sg">
              <orth>trūwāþai</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#pres #ind #act #p1 #du">
              <orth>trūwōs</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#pres #ind #act #p2 #du">
              <orth>trūwāþiz</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#pres #imper #act #p2 #du">
              <orth>trūwāþiz</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#pres #ind #act #p1 #pl">
              <orth>trūwāmaz</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#pres #ind #pass #p1 #pl">
              <orth>trūwānþai</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#pres #ind #act #p2 #pl">
              <orth>trūwaiþ</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#pres #imper #act #p2 #pl">
              <orth>trūwaiþ</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#pres #ind #pass #p2 #pl">
              <orth>trūwānþai</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#pres #ind #act #p3 #pl">
              <orth>trūwānþi</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#pres #imper #act #p3 #pl">
              <orth>trūwānþau</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#pres #ind #pass #p3 #pl">
              <orth>trūwānþai</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#past #ind #p1 #sg">
              <orth>trūwadǭ</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#past #subj #p1 #sg">
              <orth>trūwadēdį̄</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#past #ind #p2 #sg">
              <orth>trūwadēz</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#past #subj #p2 #sg">
              <orth>trūwadēdīz</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#past #ind #p3 #sg">
              <orth>trūwadē</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#past #subj #p3 #sg">
              <orth>trūwadēdī</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#past #ind #p1 #du">
              <orth>trūwadēdū</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#past #subj #p1 #du">
              <orth>trūwadēdīw</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#past #ind #p2 #du">
              <orth>trūwadēdudiz</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#past #subj #p2 #du">
              <orth>trūwadēdīdiz</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#past #ind #p1 #pl">
              <orth>trūwadēdum</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#past #subj #p1 #pl">
              <orth>trūwadēdīm</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#past #ind #p2 #pl">
              <orth>trūwadēdud</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#past #subj #p2 #pl">
              <orth>trūwadēdīd</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#past #ind #p3 #pl">
              <orth>trūwadēdun</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#past #subj #p3 #pl">
              <orth>trūwadēdīn</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="participle" subtype="present">
              <orth>trūwāndz</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="participle" subtype="past">
              <orth>trūwadaz</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="infinitive">
              <orth>trūwāną</orth>
            </form>
          </re>
          <re type="descendants">
            <list>
              <item>
                <form type="descendant">
                  <lang>Proto-West Germanic</lang>
                  <orth>*trūwēn</orth>
                  <form type="descendant">
                    <lang>Old Dutch</lang>
                    <orth>*trūwon</orth>
                    <form type="descendant">
                      <lang>Old Dutch</lang>
                      <orth>gitrūwon</orth>
                    </form>
                  </form>
                </form>
              </item>
              <item>
                <form type="descendant">
                  <lang>Proto-West Germanic</lang>
                  <orth>*trūwēn</orth>
                  <form type="descendant">
                    <lang>Old Dutch</lang>
                    <orth>*trūwon</orth>
                    <form type="descendant">
                      <lang>Middle Dutch</lang>
                      <orth>truwen, trouwen</orth>
                      <form type="descendant">
                        <lang>Dutch</lang>
                        <orth>trouwen</orth>
                      </form>
                    </form>
                  </form>
                </form>
              </item>
              <item>
                <form type="descendant">
                  <lang>Proto-West Germanic</lang>
                  <orth>*trūwēn</orth>
                  <form type="descendant">
                    <lang>Old English</lang>
                    <orth>trūwian</orth>
                    <form type="descendant">
                      <lang>Middle English</lang>
                      <orth>truwien, truwen, trouwen, trouen, trowen</orth>
                      <form type="descendant">
                        <lang>English</lang>
                        <orth>trow</orth>
                      </form>
                      <form type="descendant">
                        <lang>Scots</lang>
                        <orth>trow</orth>
                      </form>
                    </form>
                  </form>
                </form>
              </item>
              <item>
                <form type="descendant">
                  <lang>Proto-West Germanic</lang>
                  <orth>*trūwēn</orth>
                  <form type="descendant">
                    <lang>Old Frisian</lang>
                    <orth>trōwia, trouwia</orth>
                    <form type="descendant">
                      <lang>West Frisian</lang>
                      <orth>trouwe, trouje</orth>
                    </form>
                  </form>
                </form>
              </item>
              <item>
                <form type="descendant">
                  <lang>Proto-West Germanic</lang>
                  <orth>*trūwēn</orth>
                  <form type="descendant">
                    <lang>Old High German</lang>
                    <orth>trūwēn</orth>
                    <form type="descendant">
                      <lang>Middle High German</lang>
                      <orth>trūwen, trouwen, triuwen</orth>
                      <form type="descendant">
                        <lang>Czech</lang>
                        <orth>troufat</orth>
                      </form>
                      <form type="descendant">
                        <lang>German</lang>
                        <orth>trauen</orth>
                      </form>
                      <form type="descendant">
                        <lang>Luxembourgish</lang>
                        <orth>trauen</orth>
                      </form>
                    </form>
                  </form>
                </form>
              </item>
              <item>
                <form type="descendant">
                  <lang>Proto-West Germanic</lang>
                  <orth>*trūwēn</orth>
                  <form type="descendant">
                    <lang>Old Saxon</lang>
                    <orth>*trūwōn</orth>
                    <form type="descendant">
                      <lang>Middle Low German</lang>
                      <orth>trûwen, trouwen</orth>
                    </form>
                  </form>
                </form>
              </item>
              <item>
                <form type="descendant">
                  <lang>Old Norse</lang>
                  <orth>trúa</orth>
                  <form type="descendant">
                    <lang>Danish</lang>
                    <orth>tro</orth>
                  </form>
                  <form type="descendant">
                    <lang>Faroese</lang>
                    <orth>trúgva</orth>
                  </form>
                  <form type="descendant">
                    <lang>Icelandic</lang>
                    <orth>trúa</orth>
                  </form>
                  <form type="descendant">
                    <lang>Norwegian Bokmål</lang>
                    <orth>tro, tru</orth>
                  </form>
                  <form type="descendant">
                    <lang>Norwegian Nynorsk</lang>
                    <orth>tru</orth>
                  </form>
                  <form type="descendant">
                    <lang>Swedish</lang>
                    <orth>tro</orth>
                  </form>
                </form>
              </item>
              <item>
                <form type="descendant">
                  <lang>Gothic</lang>
                  <orth>𐍄𐍂𐌰𐌿𐌰𐌽 (trauan)</orth>
                </form>
              </item>
            </list>
          </re>
        </entry>
      </div>
    </body>
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