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  <teiHeader>
    <fileDesc>
      <titleStmt>
        <title type="main">Wurdahuzdą: Proto-Germanic dictionary — *tugōną</title>
        <author>Scott K. Shay</author>
      </titleStmt>
      <publicationStmt>
        <publisher>Wardja Press</publisher>
        <date when="2026-10-02"/>
        <idno type="URL">https://protogermanic.org/pgmc_tugōną</idno>
      </publicationStmt>
      <sourceDesc>
        <p>Single-entry extract from the dictionary. Cross-references to other entries point to their identifiers in the full dictionary.</p>
      </sourceDesc>
    </fileDesc>
  </teiHeader>
  <text>
    <body>
      <list type="cognates">
        <item xml:id="cog_ine-x-proto_dewk" xml:lang="ine-x-proto" type="etymon">
          <orth>*dewk-</orth>
          <def>to draw, pull</def>
        </item>
      </list>
      <div type="dictionary">
        <entry xml:id="pgmc_tugona" type="verb" corresp="https://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/Reconstruction:Proto-Germanic/tugōną">
          <form type="lemma">
            <orth>tugōną</orth>
            <pron notation="ipa">ˈtu.ɣɔː.nɑ̃</pron>
            <form type="runic">
              <orth>ᛏᚢᚷᛟᚾᚨ</orth>
            </form>
          </form>
          <gramGrp>
            <pos>verb</pos>
            <gram type="class">Weak class 2</gram>
          </gramGrp>
          <sense n="1">
            <def>to pull, tow</def>
          </sense>
          <etym>
            <seg type="p">From Proto-Indo-European <mentioned xml:lang="ine-x-proto" target="#cog_ine-x-proto_dewk"><ref target="#cog_ine-x-proto_dewk">*dewk-</ref></mentioned> (‘to pull, lead’). Either a variant of *tukkōną or from *tugiz (‘a drawing, tug, pull’) + *-ōną.</seg>
          </etym>
          <re type="paradigm">
            <form type="inflected" ana="#pres #ind #act #p1 #sg">
              <orth>tugō</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#pres #subj #act #p1 #sg">
              <orth>tugǭ</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#pres #ind #pass #p1 #sg">
              <orth>tugōi</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#pres #ind #act #p2 #sg">
              <orth>tugōsi</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#pres #subj #act #p2 #sg">
              <orth>tugōs</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#pres #imper #act #p2 #sg">
              <orth>tugō</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#pres #ind #pass #p2 #sg">
              <orth>tugōsai</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#pres #subj #pass #p2 #sg">
              <orth>tugōsau</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#pres #ind #act #p3 #sg">
              <orth>tugōþi</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#pres #subj #act #p3 #sg">
              <orth>tugō</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#pres #imper #act #p3 #sg">
              <orth>tugōþau</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#pres #ind #pass #p3 #sg">
              <orth>tugōþai</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#pres #subj #pass #p3 #sg">
              <orth>tugōþau</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#pres #ind #act #p1 #du">
              <orth>tugōs</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#pres #subj #act #p1 #du">
              <orth>tugōw</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#pres #ind #act #p2 #du">
              <orth>tugōþiz</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#pres #subj #act #p2 #du">
              <orth>tugōþiz</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#pres #imper #act #p2 #du">
              <orth>tugōþiz</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#pres #ind #act #p1 #pl">
              <orth>tugōmaz</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#pres #subj #act #p1 #pl">
              <orth>tugōm</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#pres #ind #pass #p1 #pl">
              <orth>tugōnþai</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#pres #subj #pass #p1 #pl">
              <orth>tugōnþau</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#pres #ind #act #p2 #pl">
              <orth>tugōþ</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#pres #subj #act #p2 #pl">
              <orth>tugōþ</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#pres #imper #act #p2 #pl">
              <orth>tugōþ</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#pres #ind #pass #p2 #pl">
              <orth>tugōnþai</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#pres #subj #pass #p2 #pl">
              <orth>tugōnþau</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#pres #ind #act #p3 #pl">
              <orth>tugōnþi</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#pres #subj #act #p3 #pl">
              <orth>tugōn</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#pres #imper #act #p3 #pl">
              <orth>tugōnþau</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#pres #ind #pass #p3 #pl">
              <orth>tugōnþai</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#pres #subj #pass #p3 #pl">
              <orth>tugōnþau</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#past #ind #p1 #sg">
              <orth>tugōdǭ</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#past #subj #p1 #sg">
              <orth>tugōdēdį̄</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#past #ind #p2 #sg">
              <orth>tugōdēz</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#past #subj #p2 #sg">
              <orth>tugōdēdīz</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#past #ind #p3 #sg">
              <orth>tugōdē</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#past #subj #p3 #sg">
              <orth>tugōdēdī</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#past #ind #p1 #du">
              <orth>tugōdēdū</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#past #subj #p1 #du">
              <orth>tugōdēdīw</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#past #ind #p2 #du">
              <orth>tugōdēdudiz</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#past #subj #p2 #du">
              <orth>tugōdēdīdiz</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#past #ind #p1 #pl">
              <orth>tugōdēdum</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#past #subj #p1 #pl">
              <orth>tugōdēdīm</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#past #ind #p2 #pl">
              <orth>tugōdēdud</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#past #subj #p2 #pl">
              <orth>tugōdēdīd</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#past #ind #p3 #pl">
              <orth>tugōdēdun</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#past #subj #p3 #pl">
              <orth>tugōdēdīn</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="participle" subtype="present">
              <orth>tugōndz</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="participle" subtype="past">
              <orth>tugōdaz</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="infinitive">
              <orth>tugōną</orth>
            </form>
          </re>
          <re type="descendants">
            <list>
              <item>
                <form type="descendant">
                  <lang>Proto-West Germanic</lang>
                  <orth>*togōn</orth>
                  <form type="descendant">
                    <lang>Old Dutch</lang>
                    <orth>*togon</orth>
                    <form type="descendant">
                      <lang>Middle Dutch</lang>
                      <orth>tōgen</orth>
                      <form type="descendant">
                        <lang>Dutch</lang>
                        <orth>togen, teugen</orth>
                        <form type="descendant">
                          <lang>Dutch</lang>
                          <orth>ademtogen, zieltogen</orth>
                        </form>
                      </form>
                    </form>
                  </form>
                </form>
              </item>
              <item>
                <form type="descendant">
                  <lang>Proto-West Germanic</lang>
                  <orth>*togōn</orth>
                  <form type="descendant">
                    <lang>Old English</lang>
                    <orth>togian</orth>
                    <form type="descendant">
                      <lang>Middle English</lang>
                      <orth>toȝen, towen</orth>
                      <form type="descendant">
                        <lang>English</lang>
                        <orth>tow</orth>
                      </form>
                      <form type="descendant">
                        <lang>Scots</lang>
                        <orth>tow, toll, togh</orth>
                      </form>
                    </form>
                  </form>
                </form>
              </item>
              <item>
                <form type="descendant">
                  <lang>Proto-West Germanic</lang>
                  <orth>*togōn</orth>
                  <form type="descendant">
                    <lang>Old English</lang>
                    <orth>togian</orth>
                    <form type="descendant">
                      <lang>Middle English</lang>
                      <orth>tuggen, toggen</orth>
                      <form type="descendant">
                        <lang>English</lang>
                        <orth>tug</orth>
                      </form>
                      <form type="descendant">
                        <lang>Scots</lang>
                        <orth>tug</orth>
                      </form>
                      <form type="descendant">
                        <lang>Yola</lang>
                        <orth>thugerleen</orth>
                      </form>
                    </form>
                  </form>
                </form>
              </item>
              <item>
                <form type="descendant">
                  <lang>Proto-West Germanic</lang>
                  <orth>*togōn</orth>
                  <form type="descendant">
                    <lang>Old French</lang>
                    <orth>touer</orth>
                    <form type="descendant">
                      <lang>Middle French</lang>
                      <orth>touer</orth>
                      <form type="descendant">
                        <lang>French</lang>
                        <orth>touer</orth>
                      </form>
                    </form>
                  </form>
                </form>
              </item>
              <item>
                <form type="descendant">
                  <lang>Proto-West Germanic</lang>
                  <orth>*togōn</orth>
                  <form type="descendant">
                    <lang>Old Frisian</lang>
                    <orth>togia</orth>
                    <form type="descendant">
                      <lang>Saterland Frisian</lang>
                      <orth>toogje</orth>
                    </form>
                    <form type="descendant">
                      <lang>West Frisian</lang>
                      <orth>tôgje, toaie</orth>
                    </form>
                  </form>
                </form>
              </item>
              <item>
                <form type="descendant">
                  <lang>Proto-West Germanic</lang>
                  <orth>*togōn</orth>
                  <form type="descendant">
                    <lang>Old High German</lang>
                    <orth>zogōn</orth>
                    <form type="descendant">
                      <lang>Middle High German</lang>
                      <orth>zogen, schogen</orth>
                      <form type="descendant">
                        <lang>German</lang>
                        <orth>zogen</orth>
                      </form>
                    </form>
                  </form>
                </form>
              </item>
              <item>
                <form type="descendant">
                  <lang>Proto-West Germanic</lang>
                  <orth>*togōn</orth>
                  <form type="descendant">
                    <lang>Old High German</lang>
                    <orth>zogōn</orth>
                    <form type="descendant">
                      <lang>Middle High German</lang>
                      <orth>zogen, schogen</orth>
                      <form type="descendant">
                        <lang>Middle High German</lang>
                        <orth>zogeren</orth>
                        <form type="descendant">
                          <lang>German</lang>
                          <orth>zögern</orth>
                        </form>
                      </form>
                    </form>
                  </form>
                </form>
              </item>
              <item>
                <form type="descendant">
                  <lang>Proto-West Germanic</lang>
                  <orth>*togōn</orth>
                  <form type="descendant">
                    <lang>Old Saxon</lang>
                    <orth>*togōn</orth>
                    <form type="descendant">
                      <lang>Middle Low German</lang>
                      <orth>tōgen, tȫgen, tāgen, tēgen</orth>
                      <form type="descendant">
                        <lang>German Low German</lang>
                        <orth>tagen</orth>
                      </form>
                    </form>
                  </form>
                </form>
              </item>
              <item>
                <form type="descendant">
                  <lang>Proto-West Germanic</lang>
                  <orth>*togōn</orth>
                  <form type="descendant">
                    <lang>Old Saxon</lang>
                    <orth>*togōn</orth>
                    <form type="descendant">
                      <lang>Middle Low German</lang>
                      <orth>tōgen, tȫgen, tāgen, tēgen</orth>
                      <form type="descendant">
                        <lang>Middle Low German</lang>
                        <orth>togeren, tȫgeren</orth>
                        <form type="descendant">
                          <lang>German Low German</lang>
                          <orth>tögern</orth>
                        </form>
                      </form>
                    </form>
                  </form>
                </form>
              </item>
              <item>
                <form type="descendant">
                  <lang>Old Norse</lang>
                  <orth>toga</orth>
                  <form type="descendant">
                    <lang>Faroese</lang>
                    <orth>toga</orth>
                  </form>
                  <form type="descendant">
                    <lang>Icelandic</lang>
                    <orth>toga</orth>
                  </form>
                </form>
              </item>
            </list>
          </re>
        </entry>
      </div>
    </body>
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