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    <fileDesc>
      <titleStmt>
        <title type="main">Wurdahuzdą: Proto-Germanic dictionary — *tullaz</title>
        <author>Scott K. Shay</author>
      </titleStmt>
      <publicationStmt>
        <publisher>Wardja Press</publisher>
        <date when="2026-10-02"/>
        <idno type="URL">https://protogermanic.org/pgmc_tullaz</idno>
      </publicationStmt>
      <sourceDesc>
        <p>Single-entry extract from the dictionary. Cross-references to other entries point to their identifiers in the full dictionary.</p>
      </sourceDesc>
    </fileDesc>
  </teiHeader>
  <text>
    <body>
      <list type="cognates">
        <item xml:id="cog_ine-x-proto_dol" xml:lang="ine-x-proto" type="etymon">
          <orth>*dol-</orth>
          <def>calculation, fraud</def>
        </item>
        <item xml:id="cog_lat_teloneum" xml:lang="lat" type="cognate">
          <orth>telōnēum</orth>
          <def>tollhouse</def>
        </item>
      </list>
      <div type="dictionary">
        <entry xml:id="pgmc_tullaz" type="noun" corresp="https://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/Reconstruction:Proto-Germanic/tullaz">
          <form type="lemma">
            <orth>tullaz</orth>
            <pron notation="ipa">ˈtul.lɑz</pron>
            <form type="runic">
              <orth>ᛏᚢᛚᚨᛉ</orth>
            </form>
          </form>
          <gramGrp>
            <pos>noun</pos>
            <gram type="gender">masculine</gram>
            <gram type="stem">a-stem</gram>
          </gramGrp>
          <sense n="1">
            <def>toll, custom</def>
          </sense>
          <etym>
            <seg type="p">Uncertain. Possibly from Proto-Indo-European <mentioned xml:lang="ine-x-proto" target="#cog_ine-x-proto_dol"><ref target="#cog_ine-x-proto_dol">*dol-</ref></mentioned> (‘calculation, fraud’); or from Latin <mentioned xml:lang="lat" target="#cog_lat_teloneum"><ref target="#cog_lat_teloneum">telōnēum</ref></mentioned> (‘tollhouse’).</seg>
          </etym>
          <re type="paradigm">
            <form type="inflected" ana="#sg #nom">
              <orth>tullaz</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#pl #nom">
              <orth>tullōz, tullōs</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#sg #acc">
              <orth>tullą</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#pl #acc">
              <orth>tullanz</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#sg #gen">
              <orth>tullas, tullis</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#pl #gen">
              <orth>tullǫ̂</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#sg #dat">
              <orth>tullai</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#pl #dat">
              <orth>tullamaz</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#sg #instr">
              <orth>tullō</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#pl #instr">
              <orth>tullamiz</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#sg #voc">
              <orth>tull</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#pl #voc">
              <orth>tullōz, tullōs</orth>
            </form>
          </re>
          <re type="descendants">
            <list>
              <item>
                <form type="descendant">
                  <lang>Proto-West Germanic</lang>
                  <orth>*toll</orth>
                  <form type="descendant">
                    <lang>Old Dutch</lang>
                    <orth>tol</orth>
                    <form type="descendant">
                      <lang>Middle Dutch</lang>
                      <orth>tol</orth>
                      <form type="descendant">
                        <lang>Dutch</lang>
                        <orth>tol</orth>
                      </form>
                    </form>
                  </form>
                </form>
              </item>
              <item>
                <form type="descendant">
                  <lang>Proto-West Germanic</lang>
                  <orth>*toll</orth>
                  <form type="descendant">
                    <lang>Old English</lang>
                    <orth>toll</orth>
                    <form type="descendant">
                      <lang>Middle English</lang>
                      <orth>tolle, tol</orth>
                      <form type="descendant">
                        <lang>English</lang>
                        <orth>toll</orth>
                      </form>
                      <form type="descendant">
                        <lang>Scots</lang>
                        <orth>toll</orth>
                      </form>
                    </form>
                  </form>
                </form>
              </item>
              <item>
                <form type="descendant">
                  <lang>Proto-West Germanic</lang>
                  <orth>*toll</orth>
                  <form type="descendant">
                    <lang>Old Frisian</lang>
                    <orth>*toll</orth>
                    <form type="descendant">
                      <lang>Saterland Frisian</lang>
                      <orth>Tol</orth>
                    </form>
                    <form type="descendant">
                      <lang>West Frisian</lang>
                      <orth>tol</orth>
                    </form>
                  </form>
                </form>
              </item>
              <item>
                <form type="descendant">
                  <lang>Proto-West Germanic</lang>
                  <orth>*toll</orth>
                  <form type="descendant">
                    <lang>Old High German</lang>
                    <orth>zol</orth>
                    <form type="descendant">
                      <lang>Middle High German</lang>
                      <orth>zol</orth>
                      <form type="descendant">
                        <lang>German</lang>
                        <orth>Zoll</orth>
                      </form>
                    </form>
                  </form>
                </form>
              </item>
              <item>
                <form type="descendant">
                  <lang>Proto-West Germanic</lang>
                  <orth>*toll</orth>
                  <form type="descendant">
                    <lang>Old Saxon</lang>
                    <orth>tol</orth>
                    <form type="descendant">
                      <lang>Middle Low German</lang>
                      <orth>tol</orth>
                      <form type="descendant">
                        <lang>German Low German</lang>
                        <orth>Toll</orth>
                      </form>
                    </form>
                  </form>
                </form>
              </item>
              <item>
                <form type="descendant">
                  <lang>Old Norse</lang>
                  <orth>tollr</orth>
                  <form type="descendant">
                    <lang>Danish</lang>
                    <orth>told</orth>
                  </form>
                  <form type="descendant">
                    <lang>Faroese</lang>
                    <orth>tollur</orth>
                  </form>
                  <form type="descendant">
                    <lang>Icelandic</lang>
                    <orth>tollur</orth>
                  </form>
                  <form type="descendant">
                    <lang>Norwegian Bokmål</lang>
                    <orth>toll</orth>
                  </form>
                  <form type="descendant">
                    <lang>Norwegian Nynorsk</lang>
                    <orth>toll</orth>
                  </form>
                  <form type="descendant">
                    <lang>Swedish</lang>
                    <orth>tull</orth>
                  </form>
                </form>
              </item>
              <item>
                <form type="descendant">
                  <lang>Old Norse</lang>
                  <orth>*tylla</orth>
                  <form type="descendant">
                    <lang>Old Norse</lang>
                    <orth>vegtylla</orth>
                  </form>
                </form>
              </item>
            </list>
          </re>
        </entry>
      </div>
    </body>
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