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    <fileDesc>
      <titleStmt>
        <title type="main">Wurdahuzdą: Proto-Germanic dictionary — *tunglą</title>
        <author>Scott K. Shay</author>
      </titleStmt>
      <publicationStmt>
        <publisher>Wardja Press</publisher>
        <date when="2026-10-03"/>
        <idno type="URL">https://protogermanic.org/pgmc_tunglą</idno>
      </publicationStmt>
      <sourceDesc>
        <p>Single-entry extract from the dictionary. Cross-references to other entries point to their identifiers in the full dictionary.</p>
      </sourceDesc>
    </fileDesc>
  </teiHeader>
  <text>
    <body>
      <list type="cognates">
        <item xml:id="cog_ine-x-proto_dhngh" xml:lang="ine-x-proto" type="etymon">
          <orth>*dʰn̥ǵʰ-</orth>
          <def>covering, overcast</def>
        </item>
      </list>
      <div type="dictionary">
        <entry xml:id="pgmc_tungla" type="noun" corresp="https://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/Reconstruction:Proto-Germanic/tunglą">
          <form type="lemma">
            <orth>tunglą</orth>
            <pron notation="ipa">ˈtuŋ.ɡlɑ̃</pron>
            <form type="runic">
              <orth>ᛏᚢᚾᚷᛚᚨ</orth>
            </form>
          </form>
          <gramGrp>
            <pos>noun</pos>
            <gram type="gender">neuter</gram>
            <gram type="stem">a-stem</gram>
          </gramGrp>
          <sense n="1">
            <def>luminary, orb</def>
          </sense>
          <sense n="2">
            <def>heavenly body, star</def>
          </sense>
          <etym>
            <seg type="p">Of unclear origin. Usually connected to *tungǭ (‘tongue’), though the putative semantic links (either the crescent moon resembling a tongue, or the twinkling of the stars bringing to mind the lolling and darting of someone's tongue) are rather speculative and tenuous, and appear to lack semantic parallels in other languages. An alternative theory deriving the word from Proto-Indo-European <mentioned xml:lang="ine-x-proto" target="#cog_ine-x-proto_dhngh"><ref target="#cog_ine-x-proto_dhngh">*dʰn̥ǵʰ-</ref></mentioned> (‘covering, overcast’) (whence Proto-Balto-Slavic *dangāˀ) is semantically more attractive but formally impossible.</seg>
          </etym>
          <re type="paradigm">
            <form type="inflected" ana="#sg #nom">
              <orth>tunglą</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#pl #nom">
              <orth>tunglō</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#sg #acc">
              <orth>tunglą</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#pl #acc">
              <orth>tunglō</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#sg #gen">
              <orth>tunglas, tunglis</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#pl #gen">
              <orth>tunglǫ̂</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#sg #dat">
              <orth>tunglai</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#pl #dat">
              <orth>tunglamaz</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#sg #instr">
              <orth>tunglō</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#pl #instr">
              <orth>tunglamiz</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#sg #voc">
              <orth>tunglą</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#pl #voc">
              <orth>tunglō</orth>
            </form>
          </re>
          <re type="descendants">
            <list>
              <item>
                <form type="descendant">
                  <lang>Proto-West Germanic</lang>
                  <orth>*tungl</orth>
                  <form type="descendant">
                    <lang>Old English</lang>
                    <orth>tungol</orth>
                    <form type="descendant">
                      <lang>Middle English</lang>
                      <orth>tungol</orth>
                    </form>
                    <form type="descendant">
                      <lang>Old English</lang>
                      <orth>heofontungol</orth>
                    </form>
                  </form>
                </form>
              </item>
              <item>
                <form type="descendant">
                  <lang>Proto-West Germanic</lang>
                  <orth>*tungl</orth>
                  <form type="descendant">
                    <lang>Old High German</lang>
                    <orth>*zungal</orth>
                    <form type="descendant">
                      <lang>Old High German</lang>
                      <orth>himilzungal</orth>
                    </form>
                  </form>
                </form>
              </item>
              <item>
                <form type="descendant">
                  <lang>Proto-West Germanic</lang>
                  <orth>*tungl</orth>
                  <form type="descendant">
                    <lang>Old Saxon</lang>
                    <orth>tungal</orth>
                    <form type="descendant">
                      <lang>Old Saxon</lang>
                      <orth>hevantungal, himiltungal</orth>
                    </form>
                  </form>
                </form>
              </item>
              <item>
                <form type="descendant">
                  <lang>Old Norse</lang>
                  <orth>tungl</orth>
                  <form type="descendant">
                    <lang>Elfdalian</lang>
                    <orth>tunggel</orth>
                  </form>
                  <form type="descendant">
                    <lang>Faroese</lang>
                    <orth>tungl</orth>
                  </form>
                  <form type="descendant">
                    <lang>Icelandic</lang>
                    <orth>tungl</orth>
                  </form>
                </form>
              </item>
              <item>
                <form type="descendant">
                  <lang>Old Norse</lang>
                  <orth>tungl</orth>
                  <form type="descendant">
                    <lang>Old Swedish</lang>
                    <orth>tungel</orth>
                    <form type="descendant">
                      <lang>Swedish</lang>
                      <orth>(dated, dialectal) tungel</orth>
                    </form>
                  </form>
                </form>
              </item>
              <item>
                <form type="descendant">
                  <lang>Gothic</lang>
                  <orth>𐍄𐌿𐌲𐌲𐌻 (tuggl)</orth>
                </form>
              </item>
            </list>
          </re>
        </entry>
      </div>
    </body>
  </text>
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