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  <teiHeader>
    <fileDesc>
      <titleStmt>
        <title type="main">Wurdahuzdą: Proto-Germanic dictionary — *tungǭ</title>
        <author>Scott K. Shay</author>
      </titleStmt>
      <publicationStmt>
        <publisher>Wardja Press</publisher>
        <date when="2026-10-02"/>
        <idno type="URL">https://protogermanic.org/pgmc_tungǭ</idno>
      </publicationStmt>
      <sourceDesc>
        <p>Single-entry extract from the dictionary. Cross-references to other entries point to their identifiers in the full dictionary.</p>
      </sourceDesc>
    </fileDesc>
  </teiHeader>
  <text>
    <body>
      <list type="cognates">
        <item xml:id="cog_ine-x-proto_dnghweh2s" xml:lang="ine-x-proto" type="etymon">
          <orth>*dn̥ǵʰwéh₂s</orth>
          <def>tongue</def>
        </item>
        <item xml:id="cog_lat_lingua" xml:lang="lat" type="cognate">
          <orth>lingua</orth>
          <def>idem</def>
        </item>
        <item xml:id="cog_san_jihva" xml:lang="san" type="cognate">
          <orth>जिह्वा</orth>
          <form type="translit">
            <orth>jihvā́</orth>
          </form>
          <def>idem</def>
        </item>
      </list>
      <div type="dictionary">
        <entry xml:id="pgmc_tungo" type="noun" corresp="https://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/Reconstruction:Proto-Germanic/tungǭ">
          <form type="lemma">
            <orth>tungǭ</orth>
            <pron notation="ipa">ˈtuŋ.ɡɔ̃ː</pron>
            <form type="runic">
              <orth>ᛏᚢᚾᚷᛟ</orth>
            </form>
          </form>
          <gramGrp>
            <pos>noun</pos>
            <gram type="gender">feminine</gram>
            <gram type="stem">ōn-stem</gram>
          </gramGrp>
          <sense n="1">
            <def>tongue</def>
          </sense>
          <sense n="2">
            <def>speech, language</def>
          </sense>
          <etym>
            <seg type="p">N-stem variant of Proto-Indo-European <mentioned xml:lang="ine-x-proto" target="#cog_ine-x-proto_dnghweh2s"><ref target="#cog_ine-x-proto_dnghweh2s">*dn̥ǵʰwéh₂s</ref></mentioned> (‘tongue’). Cognate with Latin <mentioned xml:lang="lat" target="#cog_lat_lingua"><ref target="#cog_lat_lingua">lingua</ref></mentioned> (‘idem’) and Sanskrit <mentioned xml:lang="san" target="#cog_san_jihva"><ref target="#cog_san_jihva">जिह्वा</ref></mentioned> (jihvā́, ‘idem’).</seg>
          </etym>
          <re type="paradigm">
            <form type="inflected" ana="#sg #nom">
              <orth>tungǭ</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#pl #nom">
              <orth>tungōniz</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#sg #acc">
              <orth>tungōnų</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#pl #acc">
              <orth>tungōnunz</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#sg #gen">
              <orth>tungōniz</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#pl #gen">
              <orth>tungōnǫ̂</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#sg #dat">
              <orth>tungōni</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#pl #dat">
              <orth>tungōmaz</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#sg #instr">
              <orth>tungōnē</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#pl #instr">
              <orth>tungōmiz</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#sg #voc">
              <orth>tungǭ</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#pl #voc">
              <orth>tungōniz</orth>
            </form>
          </re>
          <re type="descendants">
            <list>
              <item>
                <form type="descendant">
                  <lang>Proto-West Germanic</lang>
                  <orth>*tungā</orth>
                  <form type="descendant">
                    <lang>Old Dutch</lang>
                    <orth>tunga</orth>
                    <form type="descendant">
                      <lang>Middle Dutch</lang>
                      <orth>tonge, tonghe</orth>
                      <form type="descendant">
                        <lang>Limburgish</lang>
                        <orth>tóng</orth>
                      </form>
                    </form>
                  </form>
                </form>
              </item>
              <item>
                <form type="descendant">
                  <lang>Proto-West Germanic</lang>
                  <orth>*tungā</orth>
                  <form type="descendant">
                    <lang>Old Dutch</lang>
                    <orth>tunga</orth>
                    <form type="descendant">
                      <lang>Middle Dutch</lang>
                      <orth>tonge, tonghe</orth>
                      <form type="descendant">
                        <lang>Dutch</lang>
                        <orth>tong</orth>
                        <form type="descendant">
                          <lang>Afrikaans</lang>
                          <orth>tong</orth>
                        </form>
                        <form type="descendant">
                          <lang>Skepi Creole Dutch</lang>
                          <orth>tunk</orth>
                        </form>
                      </form>
                    </form>
                  </form>
                </form>
              </item>
              <item>
                <form type="descendant">
                  <lang>Proto-West Germanic</lang>
                  <orth>*tungā</orth>
                  <form type="descendant">
                    <lang>Old Dutch</lang>
                    <orth>tunga</orth>
                    <form type="descendant">
                      <lang>Middle Dutch</lang>
                      <orth>tonge, tonghe</orth>
                      <form type="descendant">
                        <lang>Dutch</lang>
                        <orth>tong</orth>
                        <form type="descendant">
                          <lang>Negerhollands</lang>
                          <orth>tong, toṅ, tung</orth>
                          <form type="descendant">
                            <lang>Virgin Islands Creole</lang>
                            <orth>ton</orth>
                          </form>
                        </form>
                      </form>
                    </form>
                  </form>
                </form>
              </item>
              <item>
                <form type="descendant">
                  <lang>Proto-West Germanic</lang>
                  <orth>*tungā</orth>
                  <form type="descendant">
                    <lang>Old Dutch</lang>
                    <orth>tunga</orth>
                    <form type="descendant">
                      <lang>Middle Dutch</lang>
                      <orth>tonge, tonghe</orth>
                      <form type="descendant">
                        <lang>Dutch</lang>
                        <orth>tong</orth>
                        <form type="descendant">
                          <lang>Sranan Tongo</lang>
                          <orth>tongo</orth>
                          <form type="descendant">
                            <lang>Aukan</lang>
                            <orth>tongo</orth>
                          </form>
                          <form type="descendant">
                            <lang>Kwinti</lang>
                            <orth>tongo</orth>
                          </form>
                          <form type="descendant">
                            <lang>Saramaccan</lang>
                            <orth>tongò</orth>
                          </form>
                        </form>
                      </form>
                    </form>
                  </form>
                </form>
              </item>
              <item>
                <form type="descendant">
                  <lang>Proto-West Germanic</lang>
                  <orth>*tungā</orth>
                  <form type="descendant">
                    <lang>Old English</lang>
                    <orth>tunge</orth>
                    <form type="descendant">
                      <lang>Middle English</lang>
                      <orth>tonge, tong, tung, tunge</orth>
                      <form type="descendant">
                        <lang>Scots</lang>
                        <orth>tung, tongue, tong</orth>
                      </form>
                    </form>
                  </form>
                </form>
              </item>
              <item>
                <form type="descendant">
                  <lang>Proto-West Germanic</lang>
                  <orth>*tungā</orth>
                  <form type="descendant">
                    <lang>Old English</lang>
                    <orth>tunge</orth>
                    <form type="descendant">
                      <lang>Middle English</lang>
                      <orth>tonge, tong, tung, tunge</orth>
                      <form type="descendant">
                        <lang>English</lang>
                        <orth>tongue, tounge, tung, tong, tonge, toong, toongue, toung, toungue, tunge</orth>
                        <form type="descendant">
                          <lang>Australian Kriol</lang>
                          <orth>tang</orth>
                        </form>
                        <form type="descendant">
                          <lang>Bislama</lang>
                          <orth>tang</orth>
                        </form>
                        <form type="descendant">
                          <lang>Sranan Tongo</lang>
                          <orth>tongo</orth>
                        </form>
                        <form type="descendant">
                          <lang>Tok Pisin</lang>
                          <orth>tang</orth>
                        </form>
                        <form type="descendant">
                          <lang>Torres Strait Creole</lang>
                          <orth>tang</orth>
                        </form>
                      </form>
                    </form>
                  </form>
                </form>
              </item>
              <item>
                <form type="descendant">
                  <lang>Proto-West Germanic</lang>
                  <orth>*tungā</orth>
                  <form type="descendant">
                    <lang>Old Frisian</lang>
                    <orth>tunge</orth>
                    <form type="descendant">
                      <lang>North Frisian</lang>
                      <orth>tonge, tunge</orth>
                    </form>
                    <form type="descendant">
                      <lang>Saterland Frisian</lang>
                      <orth>Tunge</orth>
                    </form>
                    <form type="descendant">
                      <lang>West Frisian</lang>
                      <orth>tonge</orth>
                    </form>
                  </form>
                </form>
              </item>
              <item>
                <form type="descendant">
                  <lang>Proto-West Germanic</lang>
                  <orth>*tungā</orth>
                  <form type="descendant">
                    <lang>Old High German</lang>
                    <orth>zunga</orth>
                    <form type="descendant">
                      <lang>Middle High German</lang>
                      <orth>zunge</orth>
                      <form type="descendant">
                        <lang>Alemannic German</lang>
                        <orth>Zunge</orth>
                      </form>
                      <form type="descendant">
                        <lang>Central Franconian</lang>
                        <orth>Zong</orth>
                      </form>
                      <form type="descendant">
                        <lang>Cimbrian</lang>
                        <orth>zung</orth>
                      </form>
                      <form type="descendant">
                        <lang>German</lang>
                        <orth>Zunge</orth>
                      </form>
                      <form type="descendant">
                        <lang>Luxembourgish</lang>
                        <orth>Zong</orth>
                      </form>
                      <form type="descendant">
                        <lang>Vilamovian</lang>
                        <orth>cung</orth>
                      </form>
                      <form type="descendant">
                        <lang>Yiddish</lang>
                        <orth>צונג (tsung)</orth>
                      </form>
                    </form>
                  </form>
                </form>
              </item>
              <item>
                <form type="descendant">
                  <lang>Proto-West Germanic</lang>
                  <orth>*tungā</orth>
                  <form type="descendant">
                    <lang>Old Saxon</lang>
                    <orth>tunga, tunge</orth>
                    <form type="descendant">
                      <lang>Middle Low German</lang>
                      <orth>tunge</orth>
                      <form type="descendant">
                        <lang>German Low German</lang>
                        <orth>Tunge</orth>
                      </form>
                      <form type="descendant">
                        <lang>Plautdietsch</lang>
                        <orth>Tung</orth>
                      </form>
                    </form>
                  </form>
                </form>
              </item>
              <item>
                <form type="descendant">
                  <lang>Old Norse</lang>
                  <orth>tunga</orth>
                  <form type="descendant">
                    <lang>Elfdalian</lang>
                    <orth>tungga</orth>
                  </form>
                  <form type="descendant">
                    <lang>Faroese</lang>
                    <orth>tunga</orth>
                  </form>
                  <form type="descendant">
                    <lang>Gutnish</lang>
                    <orth>tungge, tunggå, tungga</orth>
                  </form>
                  <form type="descendant">
                    <lang>Icelandic</lang>
                    <orth>tunga</orth>
                  </form>
                  <form type="descendant">
                    <lang>Norn</lang>
                    <orth>tunga</orth>
                  </form>
                  <form type="descendant">
                    <lang>Norwegian</lang>
                    <orth>tunge</orth>
                  </form>
                </form>
              </item>
              <item>
                <form type="descendant">
                  <lang>Old Norse</lang>
                  <orth>tunga</orth>
                  <form type="descendant">
                    <lang>Old Danish</lang>
                    <orth>tungæ</orth>
                    <form type="descendant">
                      <lang>Danish</lang>
                      <orth>tunge</orth>
                    </form>
                  </form>
                </form>
              </item>
              <item>
                <form type="descendant">
                  <lang>Old Norse</lang>
                  <orth>tunga</orth>
                  <form type="descendant">
                    <lang>Old Swedish</lang>
                    <orth>tunga</orth>
                    <form type="descendant">
                      <lang>Swedish</lang>
                      <orth>tunga</orth>
                    </form>
                  </form>
                </form>
              </item>
              <item>
                <form type="descendant">
                  <lang>Gothic</lang>
                  <orth>𐍄𐌿𐌲𐌲𐍉 (tuggō)</orth>
                </form>
              </item>
            </list>
          </re>
        </entry>
      </div>
    </body>
  </text>
</TEI>
