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  <teiHeader>
    <fileDesc>
      <titleStmt>
        <title type="main">Wurdahuzdą: Proto-Germanic dictionary — *turnaz</title>
        <author>Scott K. Shay</author>
      </titleStmt>
      <publicationStmt>
        <publisher>Wardja Press</publisher>
        <date when="2026-10-01"/>
        <idno type="URL">https://protogermanic.org/pgmc_turnaz_2</idno>
      </publicationStmt>
      <sourceDesc>
        <p>Single-entry extract from the dictionary. Cross-references to other entries point to their identifiers in the full dictionary.</p>
      </sourceDesc>
    </fileDesc>
  </teiHeader>
  <text>
    <body>
      <list type="cognates">
        <item xml:id="cog_ine-x-proto_der" xml:lang="ine-x-proto" type="etymon">
          <orth>*der-</orth>
          <def>to flay, split, cleave, crack</def>
        </item>
        <item xml:id="cog_sla-x-proto_d_rn" xml:lang="sla-x-proto" type="cognate">
          <orth>*dьrnъ</orth>
          <def>piece; toft</def>
        </item>
      </list>
      <div type="dictionary">
        <entry xml:id="pgmc_turnaz_2" type="adj" corresp="https://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/Reconstruction:Proto-Germanic/turnaz">
          <form type="lemma">
            <orth>turnaz</orth>
            <pron notation="ipa">ˈtur.nɑz</pron>
            <form type="runic">
              <orth>ᛏᚢᚱᚾᚨᛉ</orth>
            </form>
          </form>
          <gramGrp>
            <pos>adj</pos>
            <gram type="stem">a-stem</gram>
          </gramGrp>
          <sense n="1">
            <def>bitter, embittered</def>
          </sense>
          <etym>
            <seg type="p">From Proto-Indo-European *dr̥-nós, from Proto-Indo-European <mentioned xml:lang="ine-x-proto" target="#cog_ine-x-proto_der"><ref target="#cog_ine-x-proto_der">*der-</ref></mentioned> (‘to flay, split’). Cognate with Proto-Slavic <mentioned xml:lang="sla-x-proto" target="#cog_sla-x-proto_d_rn"><ref target="#cog_sla-x-proto_d_rn">*dьrnъ</ref></mentioned> (‘piece; toft’).</seg>
          </etym>
          <re type="paradigm">
            <form type="inflected" ana="#sg #nom #masc #strong">
              <orth>turnaz</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#sg #nom #fem #strong">
              <orth>turnō</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#sg #nom #neut #strong">
              <orth>turną, -atō</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#pl #nom #masc #strong">
              <orth>turnai</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#pl #nom #fem #strong">
              <orth>turnôz</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#pl #nom #neut #strong">
              <orth>turnō</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#sg #acc #masc #strong">
              <orth>turnanǭ</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#sg #acc #fem #strong">
              <orth>turnǭ</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#sg #acc #neut #strong">
              <orth>turną, -atō</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#pl #acc #masc #strong">
              <orth>turnanz</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#pl #acc #fem #strong">
              <orth>turnōz</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#pl #acc #neut #strong">
              <orth>turnō</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#sg #gen #masc #strong">
              <orth>turnas, -is</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#sg #gen #fem #strong">
              <orth>turnaizōz</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#sg #gen #neut #strong">
              <orth>turnas, -is</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#pl #gen #masc #strong">
              <orth>turnaizǫ̂</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#pl #gen #fem #strong">
              <orth>turnaizǫ̂</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#pl #gen #neut #strong">
              <orth>turnaizǫ̂</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#sg #dat #masc #strong">
              <orth>turnammai</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#sg #dat #fem #strong">
              <orth>turnaizōi</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#sg #dat #neut #strong">
              <orth>turnammai</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#pl #dat #masc #strong">
              <orth>turnaimaz</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#pl #dat #fem #strong">
              <orth>turnaimaz</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#pl #dat #neut #strong">
              <orth>turnaimaz</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#sg #instr #masc #strong">
              <orth>turnanō</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#sg #instr #fem #strong">
              <orth>turnaizō</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#sg #instr #neut #strong">
              <orth>turnanō</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#pl #instr #masc #strong">
              <orth>turnaimiz</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#pl #instr #fem #strong">
              <orth>turnaimiz</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#pl #instr #neut #strong">
              <orth>turnaimiz</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#sg #nom #masc #weak">
              <orth>turnô</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#sg #nom #fem #weak">
              <orth>turnǭ</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#sg #nom #neut #weak">
              <orth>turnô</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#pl #nom #masc #weak">
              <orth>turnaniz</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#pl #nom #fem #weak">
              <orth>turnōniz</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#pl #nom #neut #weak">
              <orth>turnōnō</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#sg #acc #masc #weak">
              <orth>turnanų</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#sg #acc #fem #weak">
              <orth>turnōnų</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#sg #acc #neut #weak">
              <orth>turnô</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#pl #acc #masc #weak">
              <orth>turnanunz</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#pl #acc #fem #weak">
              <orth>turnōnunz</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#pl #acc #neut #weak">
              <orth>turnōnō</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#sg #gen #masc #weak">
              <orth>turniniz</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#sg #gen #fem #weak">
              <orth>turnōniz</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#sg #gen #neut #weak">
              <orth>turniniz</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#pl #gen #masc #weak">
              <orth>turnanǫ̂</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#pl #gen #fem #weak">
              <orth>turnōnǫ̂</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#pl #gen #neut #weak">
              <orth>turnanǫ̂</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#sg #dat #masc #weak">
              <orth>turnini</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#sg #dat #fem #weak">
              <orth>turnōni</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#sg #dat #neut #weak">
              <orth>turnini</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#pl #dat #masc #weak">
              <orth>turnammaz</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#pl #dat #fem #weak">
              <orth>turnōmaz</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#pl #dat #neut #weak">
              <orth>turnammaz</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#sg #instr #masc #weak">
              <orth>turninē</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#sg #instr #fem #weak">
              <orth>turnōnē</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#sg #instr #neut #weak">
              <orth>turninē</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#pl #instr #masc #weak">
              <orth>turnammiz</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#pl #instr #fem #weak">
              <orth>turnōmiz</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#pl #instr #neut #weak">
              <orth>turnammiz</orth>
            </form>
          </re>
          <re type="descendants">
            <list>
              <item>
                <form type="descendant">
                  <lang>Proto-West Germanic</lang>
                  <orth>*torn</orth>
                  <form type="descendant">
                    <lang>Old English</lang>
                    <orth>torn</orth>
                  </form>
                  <form type="descendant">
                    <lang>Old High German</lang>
                    <orth>zorn</orth>
                  </form>
                </form>
              </item>
              <item>
                <form type="descendant">
                  <lang>Proto-West Germanic</lang>
                  <orth>*torn</orth>
                  <form type="descendant">
                    <lang>Old Saxon</lang>
                    <orth>torn</orth>
                    <form type="descendant">
                      <lang>Middle Low German</lang>
                      <orth>torn, torne</orth>
                    </form>
                  </form>
                </form>
              </item>
            </list>
          </re>
        </entry>
      </div>
    </body>
  </text>
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