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  <teiHeader>
    <fileDesc>
      <titleStmt>
        <title type="main">Wurdahuzdą: Proto-Germanic dictionary — *twinaz</title>
        <author>Scott K. Shay</author>
      </titleStmt>
      <publicationStmt>
        <publisher>Wardja Press</publisher>
        <date when="2026-10-01"/>
        <idno type="URL">https://protogermanic.org/pgmc_twinaz_1</idno>
      </publicationStmt>
      <sourceDesc>
        <p>Single-entry extract from the dictionary. Cross-references to other entries point to their identifiers in the full dictionary.</p>
      </sourceDesc>
    </fileDesc>
  </teiHeader>
  <text>
    <body>
      <list type="cognates">
        <item xml:id="cog_ine-x-proto_dwinos" xml:lang="ine-x-proto" type="etymon">
          <orth>*dwinos</orth>
          <def>twin</def>
        </item>
        <item xml:id="cog_ine-x-proto_dwoh1" xml:lang="ine-x-proto" type="etymon">
          <orth>*dwóh₁</orth>
          <def>two</def>
        </item>
        <item xml:id="cog_lit_dvynys" xml:lang="lit" type="cognate">
          <orth>dvynys</orth>
          <def>twin</def>
        </item>
      </list>
      <div type="dictionary">
        <entry xml:id="pgmc_twinaz_1" type="noun" corresp="https://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/Reconstruction:Proto-Germanic/twinaz">
          <form type="lemma">
            <orth>twinaz</orth>
            <pron notation="ipa">ˈtwi.nɑz</pron>
            <form type="runic">
              <orth>ᛏᚹᛁᚾᚨᛉ</orth>
            </form>
          </form>
          <gramGrp>
            <pos>noun</pos>
            <gram type="gender">masculine</gram>
            <gram type="stem">a-stem</gram>
          </gramGrp>
          <sense n="1">
            <def>twin</def>
          </sense>
          <etym>
            <seg type="p">From Proto-Indo-European <mentioned xml:lang="ine-x-proto" target="#cog_ine-x-proto_dwinos"><ref target="#cog_ine-x-proto_dwinos">*dwinos</ref></mentioned> (‘twin’), from Proto-Indo-European <mentioned xml:lang="ine-x-proto" target="#cog_ine-x-proto_dwoh1"><ref target="#cog_ine-x-proto_dwoh1">*dwóh₁</ref></mentioned> (‘two’). Cognate with Lithuanian <mentioned xml:lang="lit" target="#cog_lit_dvynys"><ref target="#cog_lit_dvynys">dvynys</ref></mentioned> (‘twin’), Russian дво́йня (dvójnja, ‘twin’). Piecewise doublet of *twiznaz.</seg>
          </etym>
          <re type="paradigm">
            <form type="inflected" ana="#sg #nom">
              <orth>twinaz</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#pl #nom">
              <orth>twinōz, twinōs</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#sg #acc">
              <orth>twiną</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#pl #acc">
              <orth>twinanz</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#sg #gen">
              <orth>twinas, twinis</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#pl #gen">
              <orth>twinǫ̂</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#sg #dat">
              <orth>twinai</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#pl #dat">
              <orth>twinamaz</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#sg #instr">
              <orth>twinō</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#pl #instr">
              <orth>twinamiz</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#sg #voc">
              <orth>twin</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#pl #voc">
              <orth>twinōz, twinōs</orth>
            </form>
          </re>
          <re type="descendants">
            <list>
              <item>
                <form type="descendant">
                  <lang>Old English</lang>
                  <orth>twin</orth>
                  <form type="descendant">
                    <lang>Old English</lang>
                    <orth>ġetwin, ġetwinn, ġetƿin, *twinjaz</orth>
                  </form>
                </form>
              </item>
              <item>
                <form type="descendant">
                  <lang>Old English</lang>
                  <orth>twin</orth>
                  <form type="descendant">
                    <lang>Middle English</lang>
                    <orth>twinne, twynne</orth>
                    <form type="descendant">
                      <lang>English</lang>
                      <orth>twin</orth>
                    </form>
                    <form type="descendant">
                      <lang>Scots</lang>
                      <orth>twin, twyn</orth>
                    </form>
                  </form>
                </form>
              </item>
              <item>
                <form type="descendant">
                  <lang>Old English</lang>
                  <orth>twin</orth>
                  <form type="descendant">
                    <lang>Old English</lang>
                    <orth>*twinling</orth>
                    <form type="descendant">
                      <lang>Middle English</lang>
                      <orth>twynlynge</orth>
                      <form type="descendant">
                        <lang>English</lang>
                        <orth>twinling</orth>
                      </form>
                    </form>
                  </form>
                </form>
              </item>
              <item>
                <form type="descendant">
                  <lang>Old English</lang>
                  <orth>twinn</orth>
                  <form type="descendant">
                    <lang>Old English</lang>
                    <orth>ġetwin, ġetwinn, ġetƿin, *twinjaz</orth>
                  </form>
                </form>
              </item>
              <item>
                <form type="descendant">
                  <lang>Old English</lang>
                  <orth>twinn</orth>
                  <form type="descendant">
                    <lang>Middle English</lang>
                    <orth>twinne, twynne</orth>
                    <form type="descendant">
                      <lang>English</lang>
                      <orth>twin</orth>
                    </form>
                    <form type="descendant">
                      <lang>Scots</lang>
                      <orth>twin, twyn</orth>
                    </form>
                  </form>
                </form>
              </item>
              <item>
                <form type="descendant">
                  <lang>Old English</lang>
                  <orth>twinn</orth>
                  <form type="descendant">
                    <lang>Old English</lang>
                    <orth>*twinling</orth>
                    <form type="descendant">
                      <lang>Middle English</lang>
                      <orth>twynlynge</orth>
                      <form type="descendant">
                        <lang>English</lang>
                        <orth>twinling</orth>
                      </form>
                    </form>
                  </form>
                </form>
              </item>
              <item>
                <form type="descendant">
                  <lang>Old English</lang>
                  <orth>tƿin</orth>
                  <form type="descendant">
                    <lang>Old English</lang>
                    <orth>ġetwin, ġetwinn, ġetƿin, *twinjaz</orth>
                  </form>
                </form>
              </item>
              <item>
                <form type="descendant">
                  <lang>Old English</lang>
                  <orth>tƿin</orth>
                  <form type="descendant">
                    <lang>Middle English</lang>
                    <orth>twinne, twynne</orth>
                    <form type="descendant">
                      <lang>English</lang>
                      <orth>twin</orth>
                    </form>
                    <form type="descendant">
                      <lang>Scots</lang>
                      <orth>twin, twyn</orth>
                    </form>
                  </form>
                </form>
              </item>
              <item>
                <form type="descendant">
                  <lang>Old English</lang>
                  <orth>tƿin</orth>
                  <form type="descendant">
                    <lang>Old English</lang>
                    <orth>*twinling</orth>
                    <form type="descendant">
                      <lang>Middle English</lang>
                      <orth>twynlynge</orth>
                      <form type="descendant">
                        <lang>English</lang>
                        <orth>twinling</orth>
                      </form>
                    </form>
                  </form>
                </form>
              </item>
              <item>
                <form type="descendant">
                  <lang>Old Frisian</lang>
                  <orth>twina</orth>
                  <form type="descendant">
                    <lang>Old Frisian</lang>
                    <orth>*twinling, *twilling</orth>
                    <form type="descendant">
                      <lang>Saterland Frisian</lang>
                      <orth>Twilling</orth>
                    </form>
                  </form>
                </form>
              </item>
              <item>
                <form type="descendant">
                  <lang>Old Frisian</lang>
                  <orth>twina</orth>
                  <form type="descendant">
                    <lang>Old Frisian</lang>
                    <orth>*twinling, *twilling</orth>
                    <form type="descendant">
                      <lang>West Frisian</lang>
                      <orth>twilling</orth>
                      <form type="descendant">
                        <lang>English</lang>
                        <orth>twinling</orth>
                      </form>
                    </form>
                  </form>
                </form>
              </item>
              <item>
                <form type="descendant">
                  <lang>Old Frisian</lang>
                  <orth>twine</orth>
                  <form type="descendant">
                    <lang>Old Frisian</lang>
                    <orth>*twinling, *twilling</orth>
                    <form type="descendant">
                      <lang>Saterland Frisian</lang>
                      <orth>Twilling</orth>
                    </form>
                  </form>
                </form>
              </item>
              <item>
                <form type="descendant">
                  <lang>Old Frisian</lang>
                  <orth>twine</orth>
                  <form type="descendant">
                    <lang>Old Frisian</lang>
                    <orth>*twinling, *twilling</orth>
                    <form type="descendant">
                      <lang>West Frisian</lang>
                      <orth>twilling</orth>
                      <form type="descendant">
                        <lang>English</lang>
                        <orth>twinling</orth>
                      </form>
                    </form>
                  </form>
                </form>
              </item>
              <item>
                <form type="descendant">
                  <lang>Old Saxon</lang>
                  <orth>*twenling</orth>
                  <form type="descendant">
                    <lang>Middle Low German</lang>
                    <orth>twēlink</orth>
                    <form type="descendant">
                      <lang>German Low German</lang>
                      <orth>Twennel</orth>
                    </form>
                  </form>
                </form>
              </item>
              <item>
                <form type="descendant">
                  <lang>Old Dutch</lang>
                  <orth>*twinling</orth>
                  <form type="descendant">
                    <lang>Middle Dutch</lang>
                    <orth>twiling, twilling, tweiling, tweilinc, tweelinc</orth>
                    <form type="descendant">
                      <lang>Dutch</lang>
                      <orth>tweeling</orth>
                    </form>
                  </form>
                </form>
              </item>
              <item>
                <form type="descendant">
                  <lang>Old High German</lang>
                  <orth>zwinal</orth>
                  <form type="descendant">
                    <lang>Old High German</lang>
                    <orth>zwiniling</orth>
                    <form type="descendant">
                      <lang>Middle High German</lang>
                      <orth>zwineling, zwinling, zwillinc</orth>
                      <form type="descendant">
                        <lang>German</lang>
                        <orth>Zwilling</orth>
                      </form>
                    </form>
                  </form>
                </form>
              </item>
              <item>
                <form type="descendant">
                  <lang>Old High German</lang>
                  <orth>zwenel</orth>
                  <form type="descendant">
                    <lang>Old High German</lang>
                    <orth>zwiniling</orth>
                    <form type="descendant">
                      <lang>Middle High German</lang>
                      <orth>zwineling, zwinling, zwillinc</orth>
                      <form type="descendant">
                        <lang>German</lang>
                        <orth>Zwilling</orth>
                      </form>
                    </form>
                  </form>
                </form>
              </item>
              <item>
                <form type="descendant">
                  <lang>Old Norse</lang>
                  <orth>tvinnr</orth>
                  <form type="descendant">
                    <lang>Faroese</lang>
                    <orth>tvinnur</orth>
                  </form>
                  <form type="descendant">
                    <lang>Norwegian Nynorsk</lang>
                    <orth>tvenn, tvinn</orth>
                  </form>
                </form>
              </item>
              <item>
                <form type="descendant">
                  <lang>Old Norse</lang>
                  <orth>tvinnr</orth>
                  <form type="descendant">
                    <lang>Icelandic</lang>
                    <orth>tvennur</orth>
                    <form type="descendant">
                      <lang>Icelandic</lang>
                      <orth>tvenna</orth>
                    </form>
                  </form>
                </form>
              </item>
              <item>
                <form type="descendant">
                  <lang>Old Norse</lang>
                  <orth>tvinnr</orth>
                  <form type="descendant">
                    <lang>Old Norse</lang>
                    <orth>*tvinlingr</orth>
                    <form type="descendant">
                      <lang>Norwegian</lang>
                      <orth>?</orth>
                      <form type="descendant">
                        <lang>Norwegian Bokmål</lang>
                        <orth>tvilling</orth>
                      </form>
                      <form type="descendant">
                        <lang>Norwegian Nynorsk</lang>
                        <orth>tvilling</orth>
                      </form>
                    </form>
                  </form>
                </form>
              </item>
              <item>
                <form type="descendant">
                  <lang>Old Norse</lang>
                  <orth>tvinnr</orth>
                  <form type="descendant">
                    <lang>Old Norse</lang>
                    <orth>*tvinlingr</orth>
                    <form type="descendant">
                      <lang>Old Danish</lang>
                      <orth>tvinling</orth>
                      <form type="descendant">
                        <lang>Danish</lang>
                        <orth>tvilling</orth>
                      </form>
                    </form>
                  </form>
                </form>
              </item>
              <item>
                <form type="descendant">
                  <lang>Old Norse</lang>
                  <orth>tvinnr</orth>
                  <form type="descendant">
                    <lang>Old Norse</lang>
                    <orth>*tvinlingr</orth>
                    <form type="descendant">
                      <lang>Old Swedish</lang>
                      <orth>tvinlinger</orth>
                      <form type="descendant">
                        <lang>Swedish</lang>
                        <orth>tvilling</orth>
                      </form>
                    </form>
                  </form>
                </form>
              </item>
              <item>
                <form type="descendant">
                  <lang>Old Norse</lang>
                  <orth>tvinnr</orth>
                  <form type="descendant">
                    <lang>Old Norse</lang>
                    <orth>tvinnir, tvennir</orth>
                    <form type="descendant">
                      <lang>Faroese</lang>
                      <orth>tvennir</orth>
                    </form>
                    <form type="descendant">
                      <lang>Icelandic</lang>
                      <orth>tvennir</orth>
                    </form>
                    <form type="descendant">
                      <lang>Norwegian Nynorsk</lang>
                      <orth>tvenne</orth>
                    </form>
                  </form>
                </form>
              </item>
              <item>
                <form type="descendant">
                  <lang>Old Norse</lang>
                  <orth>tvinnr</orth>
                  <form type="descendant">
                    <lang>Old Norse</lang>
                    <orth>tvinnir, tvennir</orth>
                    <form type="descendant">
                      <lang>Old Danish</lang>
                      <orth>twænnæ, twinnæ</orth>
                      <form type="descendant">
                        <lang>Danish</lang>
                        <orth>tvende</orth>
                      </form>
                      <form type="descendant">
                        <lang>Norwegian Bokmål</lang>
                        <orth>tvenne, tvende</orth>
                      </form>
                    </form>
                  </form>
                </form>
              </item>
              <item>
                <form type="descendant">
                  <lang>Old Norse</lang>
                  <orth>tvinnr</orth>
                  <form type="descendant">
                    <lang>Old Norse</lang>
                    <orth>tvinnir, tvennir</orth>
                    <form type="descendant">
                      <lang>Old Swedish</lang>
                      <orth>tvænne</orth>
                      <form type="descendant">
                        <lang>Swedish</lang>
                        <orth>tvenne</orth>
                      </form>
                    </form>
                  </form>
                </form>
              </item>
              <item>
                <form type="descendant">
                  <lang>Old Norse</lang>
                  <orth>tvennr</orth>
                  <form type="descendant">
                    <lang>Faroese</lang>
                    <orth>tvinnur</orth>
                  </form>
                  <form type="descendant">
                    <lang>Norwegian Nynorsk</lang>
                    <orth>tvenn, tvinn</orth>
                  </form>
                </form>
              </item>
              <item>
                <form type="descendant">
                  <lang>Old Norse</lang>
                  <orth>tvennr</orth>
                  <form type="descendant">
                    <lang>Icelandic</lang>
                    <orth>tvennur</orth>
                    <form type="descendant">
                      <lang>Icelandic</lang>
                      <orth>tvenna</orth>
                    </form>
                  </form>
                </form>
              </item>
              <item>
                <form type="descendant">
                  <lang>Old Norse</lang>
                  <orth>tvennr</orth>
                  <form type="descendant">
                    <lang>Old Norse</lang>
                    <orth>*tvinlingr</orth>
                    <form type="descendant">
                      <lang>Norwegian</lang>
                      <orth>?</orth>
                      <form type="descendant">
                        <lang>Norwegian Bokmål</lang>
                        <orth>tvilling</orth>
                      </form>
                      <form type="descendant">
                        <lang>Norwegian Nynorsk</lang>
                        <orth>tvilling</orth>
                      </form>
                    </form>
                  </form>
                </form>
              </item>
              <item>
                <form type="descendant">
                  <lang>Old Norse</lang>
                  <orth>tvennr</orth>
                  <form type="descendant">
                    <lang>Old Norse</lang>
                    <orth>*tvinlingr</orth>
                    <form type="descendant">
                      <lang>Old Danish</lang>
                      <orth>tvinling</orth>
                      <form type="descendant">
                        <lang>Danish</lang>
                        <orth>tvilling</orth>
                      </form>
                    </form>
                  </form>
                </form>
              </item>
              <item>
                <form type="descendant">
                  <lang>Old Norse</lang>
                  <orth>tvennr</orth>
                  <form type="descendant">
                    <lang>Old Norse</lang>
                    <orth>*tvinlingr</orth>
                    <form type="descendant">
                      <lang>Old Swedish</lang>
                      <orth>tvinlinger</orth>
                      <form type="descendant">
                        <lang>Swedish</lang>
                        <orth>tvilling</orth>
                      </form>
                    </form>
                  </form>
                </form>
              </item>
              <item>
                <form type="descendant">
                  <lang>Old Norse</lang>
                  <orth>tvennr</orth>
                  <form type="descendant">
                    <lang>Old Norse</lang>
                    <orth>tvinnir, tvennir</orth>
                    <form type="descendant">
                      <lang>Faroese</lang>
                      <orth>tvennir</orth>
                    </form>
                    <form type="descendant">
                      <lang>Icelandic</lang>
                      <orth>tvennir</orth>
                    </form>
                    <form type="descendant">
                      <lang>Norwegian Nynorsk</lang>
                      <orth>tvenne</orth>
                    </form>
                  </form>
                </form>
              </item>
              <item>
                <form type="descendant">
                  <lang>Old Norse</lang>
                  <orth>tvennr</orth>
                  <form type="descendant">
                    <lang>Old Norse</lang>
                    <orth>tvinnir, tvennir</orth>
                    <form type="descendant">
                      <lang>Old Danish</lang>
                      <orth>twænnæ, twinnæ</orth>
                      <form type="descendant">
                        <lang>Danish</lang>
                        <orth>tvende</orth>
                      </form>
                      <form type="descendant">
                        <lang>Norwegian Bokmål</lang>
                        <orth>tvenne, tvende</orth>
                      </form>
                    </form>
                  </form>
                </form>
              </item>
              <item>
                <form type="descendant">
                  <lang>Old Norse</lang>
                  <orth>tvennr</orth>
                  <form type="descendant">
                    <lang>Old Norse</lang>
                    <orth>tvinnir, tvennir</orth>
                    <form type="descendant">
                      <lang>Old Swedish</lang>
                      <orth>tvænne</orth>
                      <form type="descendant">
                        <lang>Swedish</lang>
                        <orth>tvenne</orth>
                      </form>
                    </form>
                  </form>
                </form>
              </item>
              <item>
                <form type="descendant">
                  <lang>Old Norse</lang>
                  <orth>*twinjaz</orth>
                  <form type="descendant">
                    <lang>Faroese</lang>
                    <orth>tvinnur</orth>
                  </form>
                  <form type="descendant">
                    <lang>Norwegian Nynorsk</lang>
                    <orth>tvenn, tvinn</orth>
                  </form>
                </form>
              </item>
              <item>
                <form type="descendant">
                  <lang>Old Norse</lang>
                  <orth>*twinjaz</orth>
                  <form type="descendant">
                    <lang>Icelandic</lang>
                    <orth>tvennur</orth>
                    <form type="descendant">
                      <lang>Icelandic</lang>
                      <orth>tvenna</orth>
                    </form>
                  </form>
                </form>
              </item>
              <item>
                <form type="descendant">
                  <lang>Old Norse</lang>
                  <orth>*twinjaz</orth>
                  <form type="descendant">
                    <lang>Old Norse</lang>
                    <orth>*tvinlingr</orth>
                    <form type="descendant">
                      <lang>Norwegian</lang>
                      <orth>?</orth>
                      <form type="descendant">
                        <lang>Norwegian Bokmål</lang>
                        <orth>tvilling</orth>
                      </form>
                      <form type="descendant">
                        <lang>Norwegian Nynorsk</lang>
                        <orth>tvilling</orth>
                      </form>
                    </form>
                  </form>
                </form>
              </item>
              <item>
                <form type="descendant">
                  <lang>Old Norse</lang>
                  <orth>*twinjaz</orth>
                  <form type="descendant">
                    <lang>Old Norse</lang>
                    <orth>*tvinlingr</orth>
                    <form type="descendant">
                      <lang>Old Danish</lang>
                      <orth>tvinling</orth>
                      <form type="descendant">
                        <lang>Danish</lang>
                        <orth>tvilling</orth>
                      </form>
                    </form>
                  </form>
                </form>
              </item>
              <item>
                <form type="descendant">
                  <lang>Old Norse</lang>
                  <orth>*twinjaz</orth>
                  <form type="descendant">
                    <lang>Old Norse</lang>
                    <orth>*tvinlingr</orth>
                    <form type="descendant">
                      <lang>Old Swedish</lang>
                      <orth>tvinlinger</orth>
                      <form type="descendant">
                        <lang>Swedish</lang>
                        <orth>tvilling</orth>
                      </form>
                    </form>
                  </form>
                </form>
              </item>
              <item>
                <form type="descendant">
                  <lang>Old Norse</lang>
                  <orth>*twinjaz</orth>
                  <form type="descendant">
                    <lang>Old Norse</lang>
                    <orth>tvinnir, tvennir</orth>
                    <form type="descendant">
                      <lang>Faroese</lang>
                      <orth>tvennir</orth>
                    </form>
                    <form type="descendant">
                      <lang>Icelandic</lang>
                      <orth>tvennir</orth>
                    </form>
                    <form type="descendant">
                      <lang>Norwegian Nynorsk</lang>
                      <orth>tvenne</orth>
                    </form>
                  </form>
                </form>
              </item>
              <item>
                <form type="descendant">
                  <lang>Old Norse</lang>
                  <orth>*twinjaz</orth>
                  <form type="descendant">
                    <lang>Old Norse</lang>
                    <orth>tvinnir, tvennir</orth>
                    <form type="descendant">
                      <lang>Old Danish</lang>
                      <orth>twænnæ, twinnæ</orth>
                      <form type="descendant">
                        <lang>Danish</lang>
                        <orth>tvende</orth>
                      </form>
                      <form type="descendant">
                        <lang>Norwegian Bokmål</lang>
                        <orth>tvenne, tvende</orth>
                      </form>
                    </form>
                  </form>
                </form>
              </item>
              <item>
                <form type="descendant">
                  <lang>Old Norse</lang>
                  <orth>*twinjaz</orth>
                  <form type="descendant">
                    <lang>Old Norse</lang>
                    <orth>tvinnir, tvennir</orth>
                    <form type="descendant">
                      <lang>Old Swedish</lang>
                      <orth>tvænne</orth>
                      <form type="descendant">
                        <lang>Swedish</lang>
                        <orth>tvenne</orth>
                      </form>
                    </form>
                  </form>
                </form>
              </item>
            </list>
          </re>
        </entry>
      </div>
    </body>
  </text>
</TEI>
