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      <titleStmt>
        <title type="main">Wurdahuzdą: Proto-Germanic dictionary — *twiznaz</title>
        <author>Scott K. Shay</author>
      </titleStmt>
      <publicationStmt>
        <publisher>Wardja Press</publisher>
        <date when="2026-10-02"/>
        <idno type="URL">https://protogermanic.org/pgmc_twiznaz</idno>
      </publicationStmt>
      <sourceDesc>
        <p>Single-entry extract from the dictionary. Cross-references to other entries point to their identifiers in the full dictionary.</p>
      </sourceDesc>
    </fileDesc>
  </teiHeader>
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    <body>
      <list type="cognates">
        <item xml:id="cog_ine-x-proto_dwis_x2" xml:lang="ine-x-proto" type="etymon">
          <orth>*dwís</orth>
          <def>twice, in two</def>
        </item>
        <item xml:id="cog_ine-x-proto_dwis_no_s" xml:lang="ine-x-proto" type="etymon">
          <orth>*dwis-nó-s</orth>
          <def>double</def>
        </item>
      </list>
      <div type="dictionary">
        <entry xml:id="pgmc_twiznaz" type="noun" corresp="https://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/Reconstruction:Proto-Germanic/twiznaz">
          <form type="lemma">
            <orth>twiznaz</orth>
            <pron notation="ipa">ˈtwiz.nɑz</pron>
            <form type="runic">
              <orth>ᛏᚹᛁᛉᚾᚨᛉ</orth>
            </form>
          </form>
          <gramGrp>
            <pos>noun</pos>
            <gram type="gender">masculine</gram>
            <gram type="stem">a-stem</gram>
          </gramGrp>
          <sense n="1">
            <def>thread, twine</def>
          </sense>
          <etym>
            <seg type="p">Possibly from Proto-Indo-European <mentioned xml:lang="ine-x-proto" target="#cog_ine-x-proto_dwis_no_s"><ref target="#cog_ine-x-proto_dwis_no_s">*dwis-nó-s</ref></mentioned> (‘double’), from Proto-Indo-European <mentioned xml:lang="ine-x-proto" target="#cog_ine-x-proto_dwis_x2"><ref target="#cog_ine-x-proto_dwis_x2">*dwís</ref></mentioned> (‘twice, in two’) + *-nós. Equivalent to *twiz- + *-naz. This would make it a piecewise doublet of *twinaz.</seg>
          </etym>
          <re type="paradigm">
            <form type="inflected" ana="#sg #nom">
              <orth>twiznaz</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#pl #nom">
              <orth>twiznōz, twiznōs</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#sg #acc">
              <orth>twizną</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#pl #acc">
              <orth>twiznanz</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#sg #gen">
              <orth>twiznas, twiznis</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#pl #gen">
              <orth>twiznǫ̂</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#sg #dat">
              <orth>twiznai</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#pl #dat">
              <orth>twiznamaz</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#sg #instr">
              <orth>twiznō</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#pl #instr">
              <orth>twiznamiz</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#sg #voc">
              <orth>twizn</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#pl #voc">
              <orth>twiznōz, twiznōs</orth>
            </form>
          </re>
          <re type="descendants">
            <list>
              <item>
                <form type="descendant">
                  <lang>Proto-West Germanic</lang>
                  <orth>*twiʀn</orth>
                  <form type="descendant">
                    <lang>Old Dutch</lang>
                    <orth>*twīn, *twirn</orth>
                    <form type="descendant">
                      <lang>Middle Dutch</lang>
                      <orth>twern, tweren, twaern, twijn</orth>
                      <form type="descendant">
                        <lang>Dutch</lang>
                        <orth>tweern, twijn</orth>
                      </form>
                    </form>
                  </form>
                </form>
              </item>
              <item>
                <form type="descendant">
                  <lang>Proto-West Germanic</lang>
                  <orth>*twiʀn</orth>
                  <form type="descendant">
                    <lang>Old English</lang>
                    <orth>twīn, *twirn, *tweorn</orth>
                    <form type="descendant">
                      <lang>Middle English</lang>
                      <orth>twine, twyne, twin, twern, *twire, *twir</orth>
                      <form type="descendant">
                        <lang>English</lang>
                        <orth>twine, twire</orth>
                      </form>
                      <form type="descendant">
                        <lang>Scots</lang>
                        <orth>twyn, twine</orth>
                      </form>
                    </form>
                  </form>
                </form>
              </item>
              <item>
                <form type="descendant">
                  <lang>Proto-West Germanic</lang>
                  <orth>*twiʀn</orth>
                  <form type="descendant">
                    <lang>Old Frisian</lang>
                    <orth>*twīn</orth>
                    <form type="descendant">
                      <lang>Saterland Frisian</lang>
                      <orth>Twien</orth>
                    </form>
                    <form type="descendant">
                      <lang>West Frisian</lang>
                      <orth>twyn</orth>
                    </form>
                  </form>
                </form>
              </item>
              <item>
                <form type="descendant">
                  <lang>Proto-West Germanic</lang>
                  <orth>*twiʀn</orth>
                  <form type="descendant">
                    <lang>Old High German</lang>
                    <orth>*zwirn</orth>
                    <form type="descendant">
                      <lang>Middle High German</lang>
                      <orth>zwirn</orth>
                      <form type="descendant">
                        <lang>German</lang>
                        <orth>Zwirn</orth>
                      </form>
                      <form type="descendant">
                        <lang>Hunsrik</lang>
                        <orth>Zwern</orth>
                      </form>
                      <form type="descendant">
                        <lang>Luxembourgish</lang>
                        <orth>Zwir</orth>
                      </form>
                    </form>
                  </form>
                </form>
              </item>
              <item>
                <form type="descendant">
                  <lang>Proto-West Germanic</lang>
                  <orth>*twiʀn</orth>
                  <form type="descendant">
                    <lang>Old Saxon</lang>
                    <orth>*twirn</orth>
                    <form type="descendant">
                      <lang>Middle Low German</lang>
                      <orth>twern, twerne, twērne</orth>
                      <form type="descendant">
                        <lang>German Low German</lang>
                        <orth>Tweern, Tweernt</orth>
                      </form>
                    </form>
                  </form>
                </form>
              </item>
              <item>
                <form type="descendant">
                  <lang>Old Norse</lang>
                  <orth>tvinni</orth>
                  <form type="descendant">
                    <lang>Icelandic</lang>
                    <orth>tvinni</orth>
                  </form>
                </form>
              </item>
            </list>
          </re>
        </entry>
      </div>
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