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  <teiHeader>
    <fileDesc>
      <titleStmt>
        <title type="main">Wurdahuzdą: Proto-Germanic dictionary — *twiznāną</title>
        <author>Scott K. Shay</author>
      </titleStmt>
      <publicationStmt>
        <publisher>Wardja Press</publisher>
        <date when="2026-10-02"/>
        <idno type="URL">https://protogermanic.org/pgmc_twiznāną</idno>
      </publicationStmt>
      <sourceDesc>
        <p>Single-entry extract from the dictionary. Cross-references to other entries point to their identifiers in the full dictionary.</p>
      </sourceDesc>
    </fileDesc>
  </teiHeader>
  <text>
    <body>
      <div type="dictionary">
        <entry xml:id="pgmc_twiznana" type="verb" corresp="https://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/Reconstruction:Proto-Germanic/twiznāną">
          <form type="lemma">
            <orth>twiznāną</orth>
            <pron notation="ipa">ˈtwiz.nɑː.nɑ̃</pron>
            <form type="runic">
              <orth>ᛏᚹᛁᛉᚾᚨᚾᚨ</orth>
            </form>
          </form>
          <gramGrp>
            <pos>verb</pos>
            <gram type="class">Weak class 3</gram>
          </gramGrp>
          <sense n="1">
            <def>to twine, wind threads</def>
          </sense>
          <etym>
            <seg type="p">From *twiznaz (‘twine’) + *-āną.</seg>
          </etym>
          <re type="paradigm">
            <form type="inflected" ana="#pres #ind #act #p1 #sg">
              <orth>twiznō</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#pres #ind #act #p2 #sg">
              <orth>twiznaisi</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#pres #imper #act #p2 #sg">
              <orth>twiznai</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#pres #ind #pass #p2 #sg">
              <orth>twiznāsai</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#pres #ind #act #p3 #sg">
              <orth>twiznaiþi</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#pres #imper #act #p3 #sg">
              <orth>twiznāþau</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#pres #ind #pass #p3 #sg">
              <orth>twiznāþai</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#pres #ind #act #p1 #du">
              <orth>twiznōs</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#pres #ind #act #p2 #du">
              <orth>twiznāþiz</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#pres #imper #act #p2 #du">
              <orth>twiznāþiz</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#pres #ind #act #p1 #pl">
              <orth>twiznāmaz</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#pres #ind #pass #p1 #pl">
              <orth>twiznānþai</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#pres #ind #act #p2 #pl">
              <orth>twiznaiþ</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#pres #imper #act #p2 #pl">
              <orth>twiznaiþ</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#pres #ind #pass #p2 #pl">
              <orth>twiznānþai</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#pres #ind #act #p3 #pl">
              <orth>twiznānþi</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#pres #imper #act #p3 #pl">
              <orth>twiznānþau</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#pres #ind #pass #p3 #pl">
              <orth>twiznānþai</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#past #ind #p1 #sg">
              <orth>twiznadǭ</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#past #subj #p1 #sg">
              <orth>twiznadēdį̄</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#past #ind #p2 #sg">
              <orth>twiznadēz</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#past #subj #p2 #sg">
              <orth>twiznadēdīz</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#past #ind #p3 #sg">
              <orth>twiznadē</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#past #subj #p3 #sg">
              <orth>twiznadēdī</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#past #ind #p1 #du">
              <orth>twiznadēdū</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#past #subj #p1 #du">
              <orth>twiznadēdīw</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#past #ind #p2 #du">
              <orth>twiznadēdudiz</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#past #subj #p2 #du">
              <orth>twiznadēdīdiz</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#past #ind #p1 #pl">
              <orth>twiznadēdum</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#past #subj #p1 #pl">
              <orth>twiznadēdīm</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#past #ind #p2 #pl">
              <orth>twiznadēdud</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#past #subj #p2 #pl">
              <orth>twiznadēdīd</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#past #ind #p3 #pl">
              <orth>twiznadēdun</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#past #subj #p3 #pl">
              <orth>twiznadēdīn</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="participle" subtype="present">
              <orth>twiznāndz</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="participle" subtype="past">
              <orth>twiznadaz</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="infinitive">
              <orth>twiznāną</orth>
            </form>
          </re>
          <re type="descendants">
            <list>
              <item>
                <form type="descendant">
                  <lang>Proto-West Germanic</lang>
                  <orth>*twiʀnēn</orth>
                  <form type="descendant">
                    <lang>Old Dutch</lang>
                    <orth>*twirnon, *twīnon</orth>
                    <form type="descendant">
                      <lang>Middle Dutch</lang>
                      <orth>twernen, twinen</orth>
                      <form type="descendant">
                        <lang>Dutch</lang>
                        <orth>tweernen, twijnen</orth>
                      </form>
                    </form>
                  </form>
                </form>
              </item>
              <item>
                <form type="descendant">
                  <lang>Proto-West Germanic</lang>
                  <orth>*twiʀnēn</orth>
                  <form type="descendant">
                    <lang>Old English</lang>
                    <orth>*twīnian</orth>
                    <form type="descendant">
                      <lang>Middle English</lang>
                      <orth>twynen</orth>
                      <form type="descendant">
                        <lang>English</lang>
                        <orth>twine</orth>
                      </form>
                      <form type="descendant">
                        <lang>Scots</lang>
                        <orth>twine</orth>
                      </form>
                    </form>
                  </form>
                </form>
              </item>
              <item>
                <form type="descendant">
                  <lang>Proto-West Germanic</lang>
                  <orth>*twiʀnēn</orth>
                  <form type="descendant">
                    <lang>Old Frisian</lang>
                    <orth>*twīnia</orth>
                    <form type="descendant">
                      <lang>Saterland Frisian</lang>
                      <orth>twienje</orth>
                    </form>
                    <form type="descendant">
                      <lang>West Frisian</lang>
                      <orth>twynje, twine</orth>
                    </form>
                  </form>
                </form>
              </item>
              <item>
                <form type="descendant">
                  <lang>Proto-West Germanic</lang>
                  <orth>*twiʀnēn</orth>
                  <form type="descendant">
                    <lang>Old High German</lang>
                    <orth>zwirnēn, zwirnōn</orth>
                    <form type="descendant">
                      <lang>Middle High German</lang>
                      <orth>zwirnen</orth>
                      <form type="descendant">
                        <lang>German</lang>
                        <orth>zwirnen</orth>
                      </form>
                    </form>
                  </form>
                </form>
              </item>
              <item>
                <form type="descendant">
                  <lang>Proto-West Germanic</lang>
                  <orth>*twiʀnēn</orth>
                  <form type="descendant">
                    <lang>Old Saxon</lang>
                    <orth>*twirnōn</orth>
                    <form type="descendant">
                      <lang>Middle Low German</lang>
                      <orth>twernen</orth>
                      <form type="descendant">
                        <lang>Low German</lang>
                        <orth>twernen</orth>
                      </form>
                    </form>
                  </form>
                </form>
              </item>
              <item>
                <form type="descendant">
                  <lang>Proto-West Germanic</lang>
                  <orth>*twiʀnōn</orth>
                  <form type="descendant">
                    <lang>Old Dutch</lang>
                    <orth>*twirnon, *twīnon</orth>
                    <form type="descendant">
                      <lang>Middle Dutch</lang>
                      <orth>twernen, twinen</orth>
                      <form type="descendant">
                        <lang>Dutch</lang>
                        <orth>tweernen, twijnen</orth>
                      </form>
                    </form>
                  </form>
                </form>
              </item>
              <item>
                <form type="descendant">
                  <lang>Proto-West Germanic</lang>
                  <orth>*twiʀnōn</orth>
                  <form type="descendant">
                    <lang>Old English</lang>
                    <orth>*twīnian</orth>
                    <form type="descendant">
                      <lang>Middle English</lang>
                      <orth>twynen</orth>
                      <form type="descendant">
                        <lang>English</lang>
                        <orth>twine</orth>
                      </form>
                      <form type="descendant">
                        <lang>Scots</lang>
                        <orth>twine</orth>
                      </form>
                    </form>
                  </form>
                </form>
              </item>
              <item>
                <form type="descendant">
                  <lang>Proto-West Germanic</lang>
                  <orth>*twiʀnōn</orth>
                  <form type="descendant">
                    <lang>Old Frisian</lang>
                    <orth>*twīnia</orth>
                    <form type="descendant">
                      <lang>Saterland Frisian</lang>
                      <orth>twienje</orth>
                    </form>
                    <form type="descendant">
                      <lang>West Frisian</lang>
                      <orth>twynje, twine</orth>
                    </form>
                  </form>
                </form>
              </item>
              <item>
                <form type="descendant">
                  <lang>Proto-West Germanic</lang>
                  <orth>*twiʀnōn</orth>
                  <form type="descendant">
                    <lang>Old High German</lang>
                    <orth>zwirnēn, zwirnōn</orth>
                    <form type="descendant">
                      <lang>Middle High German</lang>
                      <orth>zwirnen</orth>
                      <form type="descendant">
                        <lang>German</lang>
                        <orth>zwirnen</orth>
                      </form>
                    </form>
                  </form>
                </form>
              </item>
              <item>
                <form type="descendant">
                  <lang>Proto-West Germanic</lang>
                  <orth>*twiʀnōn</orth>
                  <form type="descendant">
                    <lang>Old Saxon</lang>
                    <orth>*twirnōn</orth>
                    <form type="descendant">
                      <lang>Middle Low German</lang>
                      <orth>twernen</orth>
                      <form type="descendant">
                        <lang>Low German</lang>
                        <orth>twernen</orth>
                      </form>
                    </form>
                  </form>
                </form>
              </item>
              <item>
                <form type="descendant">
                  <lang>Old Norse</lang>
                  <orth>tvinna</orth>
                  <form type="descendant">
                    <lang>Danish</lang>
                    <orth>tvinde</orth>
                  </form>
                  <form type="descendant">
                    <lang>Icelandic</lang>
                    <orth>tvinna</orth>
                  </form>
                  <form type="descendant">
                    <lang>Swedish</lang>
                    <orth>tvinna</orth>
                  </form>
                </form>
              </item>
              <item>
                <form type="descendant">
                  <lang>Old Norse</lang>
                  <orth>tvinna</orth>
                  <form type="descendant">
                    <lang>Norwegian</lang>
                    <orth>?</orth>
                    <form type="descendant">
                      <lang>Norwegian Bokmål</lang>
                      <orth>tvinne</orth>
                    </form>
                  </form>
                </form>
              </item>
            </list>
          </re>
        </entry>
      </div>
    </body>
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