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    <fileDesc>
      <titleStmt>
        <title type="main">Wurdahuzdą: Proto-Germanic dictionary — *twīgą</title>
        <author>Scott K. Shay</author>
      </titleStmt>
      <publicationStmt>
        <publisher>Wardja Press</publisher>
        <date when="2026-10-01"/>
        <idno type="URL">https://protogermanic.org/pgmc_twīgą</idno>
      </publicationStmt>
      <sourceDesc>
        <p>Single-entry extract from the dictionary. Cross-references to other entries point to their identifiers in the full dictionary.</p>
      </sourceDesc>
    </fileDesc>
  </teiHeader>
  <text>
    <body>
      <list type="cognates">
        <item xml:id="cog_chu_dvigu" xml:lang="chu" type="cognate">
          <orth>двигъ</orth>
          <form type="translit">
            <orth>dvigŭ</orth>
          </form>
          <def>branch</def>
        </item>
        <item xml:id="cog_ine-x-proto_dwighon" xml:lang="ine-x-proto" type="etymon">
          <orth>*dwigʰon</orth>
          <def>forked branch</def>
        </item>
      </list>
      <div type="dictionary">
        <entry xml:id="pgmc_twiga" type="noun" corresp="https://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/Reconstruction:Proto-Germanic/twīgą">
          <form type="lemma">
            <orth>twīgą</orth>
            <pron notation="ipa">ˈtwiː.ɣɑ̃</pron>
            <form type="runic">
              <orth>ᛏᚹᛁᚷᚨ</orth>
            </form>
          </form>
          <gramGrp>
            <pos>noun</pos>
            <gram type="gender">neuter</gram>
            <gram type="stem">a-stem</gram>
          </gramGrp>
          <sense n="1">
            <def>branch</def>
          </sense>
          <sense n="2">
            <def>twig</def>
          </sense>
          <etym>
            <seg type="p">From Proto-Indo-European <mentioned xml:lang="ine-x-proto" target="#cog_ine-x-proto_dwighon"><ref target="#cog_ine-x-proto_dwighon">*dwigʰon</ref></mentioned> (‘forked branch’), which Orel derives from *dwóh₁ (‘two’), presumably based on the two-forked shape of twigs, though Kroonen adduces no cognates outside of Germanic and leaves the origin open. Compare Old Church Slavonic <mentioned xml:lang="chu" target="#cog_chu_dvigu"><ref target="#cog_chu_dvigu">двигъ</ref></mentioned> (dvigŭ, ‘branch’), Albanian degë (‘branch’).</seg>
          </etym>
          <re type="paradigm">
            <form type="inflected" ana="#sg #nom">
              <orth>twīgą</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#pl #nom">
              <orth>twīgō</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#sg #acc">
              <orth>twīgą</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#pl #acc">
              <orth>twīgō</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#sg #gen">
              <orth>twīgas, twīgis</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#pl #gen">
              <orth>twīgǫ̂</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#sg #dat">
              <orth>twīgai</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#pl #dat">
              <orth>twīgamaz</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#sg #instr">
              <orth>twīgō</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#pl #instr">
              <orth>twīgamiz</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#sg #voc">
              <orth>twīgą</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#pl #voc">
              <orth>twīgō</orth>
            </form>
          </re>
          <re type="descendants">
            <list>
              <item>
                <form type="descendant">
                  <lang>Old English</lang>
                  <orth>twiġ</orth>
                  <form type="descendant">
                    <lang>Middle English</lang>
                    <orth>twi, twyg, twig, twigge</orth>
                    <form type="descendant">
                      <lang>English</lang>
                      <orth>twig</orth>
                    </form>
                    <form type="descendant">
                      <lang>Scots</lang>
                      <orth>twigg, tuigg</orth>
                    </form>
                  </form>
                </form>
              </item>
              <item>
                <form type="descendant">
                  <lang>Old English</lang>
                  <orth>twī</orth>
                  <form type="descendant">
                    <lang>Middle English</lang>
                    <orth>twi, twyg, twig, twigge</orth>
                    <form type="descendant">
                      <lang>English</lang>
                      <orth>twig</orth>
                    </form>
                    <form type="descendant">
                      <lang>Scots</lang>
                      <orth>twigg, tuigg</orth>
                    </form>
                  </form>
                </form>
              </item>
              <item>
                <form type="descendant">
                  <lang>Old English</lang>
                  <orth>twīġa</orth>
                  <form type="descendant">
                    <lang>Middle English</lang>
                    <orth>twi, twyg, twig, twigge</orth>
                    <form type="descendant">
                      <lang>English</lang>
                      <orth>twig</orth>
                    </form>
                    <form type="descendant">
                      <lang>Scots</lang>
                      <orth>twigg, tuigg</orth>
                    </form>
                  </form>
                </form>
              </item>
              <item>
                <form type="descendant">
                  <lang>Old English</lang>
                  <orth>twicg, twigg</orth>
                  <form type="descendant">
                    <lang>Middle English</lang>
                    <orth>twi, twyg, twig, twigge</orth>
                    <form type="descendant">
                      <lang>English</lang>
                      <orth>twig</orth>
                    </form>
                    <form type="descendant">
                      <lang>Scots</lang>
                      <orth>twigg, tuigg</orth>
                    </form>
                  </form>
                </form>
              </item>
              <item>
                <form type="descendant">
                  <lang>Old Frisian</lang>
                  <orth>*twīch</orth>
                  <form type="descendant">
                    <lang>North Frisian</lang>
                    <orth>twiig</orth>
                  </form>
                  <form type="descendant">
                    <lang>Saterland Frisian</lang>
                    <orth>Twiech</orth>
                  </form>
                  <form type="descendant">
                    <lang>West Frisian</lang>
                    <orth>twiich</orth>
                  </form>
                </form>
              </item>
              <item>
                <form type="descendant">
                  <lang>Old Saxon</lang>
                  <orth>*twig</orth>
                  <form type="descendant">
                    <lang>Middle Low German</lang>
                    <orth>twîch</orth>
                    <form type="descendant">
                      <lang>German Low German</lang>
                      <orth>Twieg</orth>
                    </form>
                  </form>
                </form>
              </item>
              <item>
                <form type="descendant">
                  <lang>Old Saxon</lang>
                  <orth>*twīh</orth>
                  <form type="descendant">
                    <lang>Middle Low German</lang>
                    <orth>twîch</orth>
                    <form type="descendant">
                      <lang>German Low German</lang>
                      <orth>Twieg</orth>
                    </form>
                  </form>
                </form>
              </item>
              <item>
                <form type="descendant">
                  <lang>Old Dutch</lang>
                  <orth>*twig</orth>
                  <form type="descendant">
                    <lang>Middle Dutch</lang>
                    <orth>twijch</orth>
                    <form type="descendant">
                      <lang>Dutch</lang>
                      <orth>twijg</orth>
                    </form>
                  </form>
                </form>
              </item>
              <item>
                <form type="descendant">
                  <lang>Old Dutch</lang>
                  <orth>*twīh</orth>
                  <form type="descendant">
                    <lang>Middle Dutch</lang>
                    <orth>twijch</orth>
                    <form type="descendant">
                      <lang>Dutch</lang>
                      <orth>twijg</orth>
                    </form>
                  </form>
                </form>
              </item>
              <item>
                <form type="descendant">
                  <lang>Old High German</lang>
                  <orth>zwīg</orth>
                  <form type="descendant">
                    <lang>Middle High German</lang>
                    <orth>zwīc, zwī</orth>
                    <form type="descendant">
                      <lang>German</lang>
                      <orth>Zweig</orth>
                    </form>
                    <form type="descendant">
                      <lang>Luxembourgish</lang>
                      <orth>Zwäig</orth>
                    </form>
                    <form type="descendant">
                      <lang>Yiddish</lang>
                      <orth>צווײַג (tsvayg)</orth>
                    </form>
                  </form>
                </form>
              </item>
              <item>
                <form type="descendant">
                  <lang>Old High German</lang>
                  <orth>zwī</orth>
                  <form type="descendant">
                    <lang>Middle High German</lang>
                    <orth>zwīc, zwī</orth>
                    <form type="descendant">
                      <lang>German</lang>
                      <orth>Zweig</orth>
                    </form>
                    <form type="descendant">
                      <lang>Luxembourgish</lang>
                      <orth>Zwäig</orth>
                    </form>
                    <form type="descendant">
                      <lang>Yiddish</lang>
                      <orth>צווײַג (tsvayg)</orth>
                    </form>
                  </form>
                </form>
              </item>
            </list>
          </re>
        </entry>
      </div>
    </body>
  </text>
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