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  <teiHeader>
    <fileDesc>
      <titleStmt>
        <title type="main">Wurdahuzdą: Proto-Germanic dictionary — *tīwaz</title>
        <author>Scott K. Shay</author>
      </titleStmt>
      <publicationStmt>
        <publisher>Wardja Press</publisher>
        <date when="2026-10-03"/>
        <idno type="URL">https://protogermanic.org/pgmc_tīwaz</idno>
      </publicationStmt>
      <sourceDesc>
        <p>Single-entry extract from the dictionary. Cross-references to other entries point to their identifiers in the full dictionary.</p>
      </sourceDesc>
    </fileDesc>
  </teiHeader>
  <text>
    <body>
      <list type="cognates">
        <item xml:id="cog_ine-x-proto_deywos" xml:lang="ine-x-proto" type="etymon">
          <orth>*deywós</orth>
          <def>god</def>
        </item>
      </list>
      <div type="dictionary">
        <entry xml:id="pgmc_tiwaz" type="noun" corresp="https://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/Reconstruction:Proto-Germanic/tīwaz">
          <form type="lemma">
            <orth>tīwaz</orth>
            <pron notation="ipa">ˈtiː.wɑz</pron>
            <form type="runic">
              <orth>ᛏᛁᚹᚨᛉ</orth>
            </form>
          </form>
          <gramGrp>
            <pos>noun</pos>
            <gram type="gender">masculine</gram>
            <gram type="stem">a-stem</gram>
          </gramGrp>
          <sense n="1">
            <def>deity, god</def>
          </sense>
          <sense n="2">
            <def>Tyr, the Germanic god of war. Identified in later times with the Roman god Mars.</def>
          </sense>
          <sense n="3">
            <def>name of the rune ᛏ (t)</def>
          </sense>
          <etym>
            <seg type="p">From Proto-Indo-European <mentioned xml:lang="ine-x-proto" target="#cog_ine-x-proto_deywos"><ref target="#cog_ine-x-proto_deywos">*deywós</ref></mentioned> (‘god’). Possibly attested as 𐌕𐌄𐌉𐌅𐌀 (teiva) on the Negau helmet.</seg>
          </etym>
          <re type="paradigm">
            <form type="inflected" ana="#sg #nom">
              <orth>tīwaz</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#pl #nom">
              <orth>tīwōz, tīwōs</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#sg #acc">
              <orth>tīwą</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#pl #acc">
              <orth>tīwanz</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#sg #gen">
              <orth>tīwas, tīwis</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#pl #gen">
              <orth>tīwǫ̂</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#sg #dat">
              <orth>tīwai</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#pl #dat">
              <orth>tīwamaz</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#sg #instr">
              <orth>tīwō</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#pl #instr">
              <orth>tīwamiz</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#sg #voc">
              <orth>tīw</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#pl #voc">
              <orth>tīwōz, tīwōs</orth>
            </form>
          </re>
          <re type="descendants">
            <list>
              <item>
                <form type="descendant">
                  <lang>Proto-West Germanic</lang>
                  <orth>*Tīw</orth>
                  <form type="descendant">
                    <lang>Old Frisian</lang>
                    <orth>Tii</orth>
                  </form>
                  <form type="descendant">
                    <lang>Old High German</lang>
                    <orth>Ziu, *Zīw</orth>
                  </form>
                </form>
              </item>
              <item>
                <form type="descendant">
                  <lang>Proto-West Germanic</lang>
                  <orth>*Tīw</orth>
                  <form type="descendant">
                    <lang>Old English</lang>
                    <orth>Tīw, Tuu, Tīg, Tiig</orth>
                    <form type="descendant">
                      <lang>English</lang>
                      <orth>Tiw</orth>
                    </form>
                  </form>
                </form>
              </item>
              <item>
                <form type="descendant">
                  <lang>Proto-Norse</lang>
                  <orth>ᛏᛁᚢᛦ (tīuʀ)</orth>
                  <form type="descendant">
                    <lang>Old Norse</lang>
                    <orth>týr, Týr</orth>
                    <form type="descendant">
                      <lang>Danish</lang>
                      <orth>Ty, Ti</orth>
                    </form>
                    <form type="descendant">
                      <lang>Faroese</lang>
                      <orth>Týrur</orth>
                    </form>
                    <form type="descendant">
                      <lang>Norwegian</lang>
                      <orth>Ty</orth>
                    </form>
                  </form>
                </form>
              </item>
              <item>
                <form type="descendant">
                  <lang>Proto-Norse</lang>
                  <orth>ᛏᛁᚢᛦ (tīuʀ)</orth>
                  <form type="descendant">
                    <lang>Old Norse</lang>
                    <orth>týr, Týr</orth>
                    <form type="descendant">
                      <lang>Icelandic</lang>
                      <orth>týr, Týr</orth>
                      <form type="descendant">
                        <lang>Danish</lang>
                        <orth>Tyr</orth>
                      </form>
                      <form type="descendant">
                        <lang>English</lang>
                        <orth>Tyr</orth>
                      </form>
                      <form type="descendant">
                        <lang>Swedish</lang>
                        <orth>Tyr</orth>
                      </form>
                    </form>
                  </form>
                </form>
              </item>
              <item>
                <form type="descendant">
                  <lang>Proto-Norse</lang>
                  <orth>ᛏᛁᚢᛦ (tīuʀ)</orth>
                  <form type="descendant">
                    <lang>Old Norse</lang>
                    <orth>týr, Týr</orth>
                    <form type="descendant">
                      <lang>Old Swedish</lang>
                      <orth>thir</orth>
                      <form type="descendant">
                        <lang>Swedish</lang>
                        <orth>ti, tir, tyr, tijr</orth>
                      </form>
                    </form>
                  </form>
                </form>
              </item>
              <item>
                <form type="descendant">
                  <lang>Gothic</lang>
                  <orth>*𐍄𐌴𐌹𐍅𐍃 (*teiws)</orth>
                </form>
              </item>
            </list>
          </re>
        </entry>
      </div>
    </body>
  </text>
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