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    <fileDesc>
      <titleStmt>
        <title type="main">Wurdahuzdą: Proto-Germanic dictionary — *tō</title>
        <author>Scott K. Shay</author>
      </titleStmt>
      <publicationStmt>
        <publisher>Wardja Press</publisher>
        <date when="2026-10-01"/>
        <idno type="URL">https://protogermanic.org/pgmc_tō</idno>
      </publicationStmt>
      <sourceDesc>
        <p>Single-entry extract from the dictionary. Cross-references to other entries point to their identifiers in the full dictionary.</p>
      </sourceDesc>
    </fileDesc>
  </teiHeader>
  <text>
    <body>
      <list type="cognates">
        <item xml:id="cog_ine-x-proto_doh1" xml:lang="ine-x-proto" type="etymon">
          <orth>*doh₁</orth>
          <def>to</def>
        </item>
        <item xml:id="cog_lav_da" xml:lang="lav" type="cognate">
          <orth>da</orth>
          <def>until, to</def>
        </item>
      </list>
      <div type="dictionary">
        <entry xml:id="pgmc_to" type="preposition" corresp="https://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/Reconstruction:Proto-Germanic/tō">
          <form type="lemma">
            <orth>tō</orth>
            <pron notation="ipa">ˈtɔː</pron>
            <form type="runic">
              <orth>ᛏᛟ</orth>
            </form>
          </form>
          <gramGrp>
            <pos>preposition</pos>
          </gramGrp>
          <sense n="1">
            <def>to</def>
          </sense>
          <etym>
            <seg type="p">From Proto-Indo-European <mentioned xml:lang="ine-x-proto" target="#cog_ine-x-proto_doh1"><ref target="#cog_ine-x-proto_doh1">*doh₁</ref></mentioned> (‘to’), instrumental singular of *de (‘to, towards’). Cognate with Russian до (do, ‘to’), Latvian <mentioned xml:lang="lav" target="#cog_lav_da"><ref target="#cog_lav_da">da</ref></mentioned> (‘until, to’).</seg>
          </etym>
          <re type="descendants">
            <list>
              <item>
                <form type="descendant">
                  <lang>Proto-West Germanic</lang>
                  <orth>*tō</orth>
                  <form type="descendant">
                    <lang>Old Dutch</lang>
                    <orth>tuo</orth>
                    <form type="descendant">
                      <lang>Middle Dutch</lang>
                      <orth>toe, to, te</orth>
                      <form type="descendant">
                        <lang>Dutch</lang>
                        <orth>toe</orth>
                        <form type="descendant">
                          <lang>Afrikaans</lang>
                          <orth>toe</orth>
                        </form>
                        <form type="descendant">
                          <lang>Jersey Dutch</lang>
                          <orth>tû</orth>
                        </form>
                        <form type="descendant">
                          <lang>Negerhollands</lang>
                          <orth>tu, toe, due</orth>
                        </form>
                      </form>
                    </form>
                  </form>
                </form>
              </item>
              <item>
                <form type="descendant">
                  <lang>Proto-West Germanic</lang>
                  <orth>*tō</orth>
                  <form type="descendant">
                    <lang>Old Dutch</lang>
                    <orth>tuo</orth>
                    <form type="descendant">
                      <lang>Old Dutch</lang>
                      <orth>tuote, *tō, *ta</orth>
                      <form type="descendant">
                        <lang>Middle Dutch</lang>
                        <orth>tote, tot, toete, toet</orth>
                        <form type="descendant">
                          <lang>Limburgish</lang>
                          <orth>tót</orth>
                        </form>
                      </form>
                    </form>
                  </form>
                </form>
              </item>
              <item>
                <form type="descendant">
                  <lang>Proto-West Germanic</lang>
                  <orth>*tō</orth>
                  <form type="descendant">
                    <lang>Old Dutch</lang>
                    <orth>tuo</orth>
                    <form type="descendant">
                      <lang>Old Dutch</lang>
                      <orth>tuote, *tō, *ta</orth>
                      <form type="descendant">
                        <lang>Middle Dutch</lang>
                        <orth>tote, tot, toete, toet</orth>
                        <form type="descendant">
                          <lang>Dutch</lang>
                          <orth>tot</orth>
                          <form type="descendant">
                            <lang>Afrikaans</lang>
                            <orth>tot</orth>
                          </form>
                          <form type="descendant">
                            <lang>Berbice Creole Dutch</lang>
                            <orth>tutu</orth>
                          </form>
                          <form type="descendant">
                            <lang>Jersey Dutch</lang>
                            <orth>tut, tût</orth>
                          </form>
                          <form type="descendant">
                            <lang>Negerhollands</lang>
                            <orth>tot, tee</orth>
                          </form>
                        </form>
                      </form>
                    </form>
                  </form>
                </form>
              </item>
              <item>
                <form type="descendant">
                  <lang>Proto-West Germanic</lang>
                  <orth>*tō</orth>
                  <form type="descendant">
                    <lang>Old English</lang>
                    <orth>tō, ti</orth>
                    <form type="descendant">
                      <lang>Middle English</lang>
                      <orth>to</orth>
                      <form type="descendant">
                        <lang>English</lang>
                        <orth>to, too</orth>
                      </form>
                      <form type="descendant">
                        <lang>Geordie</lang>
                        <orth>te, tiv</orth>
                      </form>
                      <form type="descendant">
                        <lang>Scots</lang>
                        <orth>tae</orth>
                      </form>
                    </form>
                  </form>
                </form>
              </item>
              <item>
                <form type="descendant">
                  <lang>Proto-West Germanic</lang>
                  <orth>*tō</orth>
                  <form type="descendant">
                    <lang>Old Frisian</lang>
                    <orth>tō, to</orth>
                    <form type="descendant">
                      <lang>North Frisian</lang>
                      <orth>to, tö, tu</orth>
                    </form>
                    <form type="descendant">
                      <lang>Old Frisian</lang>
                      <orth>tote, tot</orth>
                    </form>
                    <form type="descendant">
                      <lang>Saterland Frisian</lang>
                      <orth>tou</orth>
                    </form>
                    <form type="descendant">
                      <lang>West Frisian</lang>
                      <orth>ta</orth>
                    </form>
                  </form>
                </form>
              </item>
              <item>
                <form type="descendant">
                  <lang>Proto-West Germanic</lang>
                  <orth>*tō</orth>
                  <form type="descendant">
                    <lang>Old High German</lang>
                    <orth>zuo, za, zi</orth>
                    <form type="descendant">
                      <lang>Middle High German</lang>
                      <orth>zuo</orth>
                      <form type="descendant">
                        <lang>Cimbrian</lang>
                        <orth>zo</orth>
                      </form>
                      <form type="descendant">
                        <lang>East Central German</lang>
                        <orth>zu</orth>
                      </form>
                      <form type="descendant">
                        <lang>German</lang>
                        <orth>zu</orth>
                      </form>
                      <form type="descendant">
                        <lang>Luxembourgish</lang>
                        <orth>zou, zu</orth>
                      </form>
                      <form type="descendant">
                        <lang>Vilamovian</lang>
                        <orth>cy</orth>
                      </form>
                      <form type="descendant">
                        <lang>Yiddish</lang>
                        <orth>צו (tsu)</orth>
                      </form>
                    </form>
                  </form>
                </form>
              </item>
              <item>
                <form type="descendant">
                  <lang>Proto-West Germanic</lang>
                  <orth>*tō</orth>
                  <form type="descendant">
                    <lang>Old High German</lang>
                    <orth>zuo, za, zi</orth>
                    <form type="descendant">
                      <lang>Old High German</lang>
                      <orth>zuoza, zuozi</orth>
                      <form type="descendant">
                        <lang>Middle High German</lang>
                        <orth>zuoze</orth>
                      </form>
                    </form>
                  </form>
                </form>
              </item>
              <item>
                <form type="descendant">
                  <lang>Proto-West Germanic</lang>
                  <orth>*tō</orth>
                  <form type="descendant">
                    <lang>Old Saxon</lang>
                    <orth>tō, tuo, thuo, te, ti</orth>
                    <form type="descendant">
                      <lang>Middle Low German</lang>
                      <orth>tô</orth>
                      <form type="descendant">
                        <lang>Low German</lang>
                        <orth>to</orth>
                      </form>
                      <form type="descendant">
                        <lang>Plautdietsch</lang>
                        <orth>to</orth>
                      </form>
                    </form>
                  </form>
                </form>
              </item>
              <item>
                <form type="descendant">
                  <lang>Proto-West Germanic</lang>
                  <orth>*tō</orth>
                  <form type="descendant">
                    <lang>Old Saxon</lang>
                    <orth>tō, tuo, thuo, te, ti</orth>
                    <form type="descendant">
                      <lang>Old Saxon</lang>
                      <orth>tōtō, tōte</orth>
                      <form type="descendant">
                        <lang>Middle Low German</lang>
                        <orth>tôte, tote, tôt, tot</orth>
                      </form>
                    </form>
                  </form>
                </form>
              </item>
            </list>
          </re>
        </entry>
      </div>
    </body>
  </text>
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