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  <teiHeader>
    <fileDesc>
      <titleStmt>
        <title type="main">Wurdahuzdą: Proto-Germanic dictionary — *tōmaz</title>
        <author>Scott K. Shay</author>
      </titleStmt>
      <publicationStmt>
        <publisher>Wardja Press</publisher>
        <date when="2026-10-01"/>
        <idno type="URL">https://protogermanic.org/pgmc_tōmaz</idno>
      </publicationStmt>
      <sourceDesc>
        <p>Single-entry extract from the dictionary. Cross-references to other entries point to their identifiers in the full dictionary.</p>
      </sourceDesc>
    </fileDesc>
  </teiHeader>
  <text>
    <body>
      <list type="cognates">
        <item xml:id="cog_ine-x-proto_deh2" xml:lang="ine-x-proto" type="etymon">
          <orth>*deh₂-</orth>
          <def>to split, cut, divide</def>
        </item>
      </list>
      <div type="dictionary">
        <entry xml:id="pgmc_tomaz" type="adj" corresp="https://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/Reconstruction:Proto-Germanic/tōmaz">
          <form type="lemma">
            <orth>tōmaz</orth>
            <pron notation="ipa">ˈtɔː.mɑz</pron>
            <form type="runic">
              <orth>ᛏᛟᛗᚨᛉ</orth>
            </form>
          </form>
          <gramGrp>
            <pos>adj</pos>
            <gram type="stem">a-stem</gram>
          </gramGrp>
          <sense n="1">
            <def>free, clear, empty, unoccupied</def>
          </sense>
          <etym>
            <seg type="p">From Pre-Germanic *deH-, further origin unknown. Potentially from Proto-Indo-European <mentioned xml:lang="ine-x-proto" target="#cog_ine-x-proto_deh2"><ref target="#cog_ine-x-proto_deh2">*deh₂-</ref></mentioned> (‘to divide, share’), but semantically unconvincing.</seg>
          </etym>
          <re type="paradigm">
            <form type="inflected" ana="#sg #nom #masc #strong">
              <orth>tōmaz</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#sg #nom #fem #strong">
              <orth>tōmō</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#sg #nom #neut #strong">
              <orth>tōmą, -atō</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#pl #nom #masc #strong">
              <orth>tōmai</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#pl #nom #fem #strong">
              <orth>tōmôz</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#pl #nom #neut #strong">
              <orth>tōmō</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#sg #acc #masc #strong">
              <orth>tōmanǭ</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#sg #acc #fem #strong">
              <orth>tōmǭ</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#sg #acc #neut #strong">
              <orth>tōmą, -atō</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#pl #acc #masc #strong">
              <orth>tōmanz</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#pl #acc #fem #strong">
              <orth>tōmōz</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#pl #acc #neut #strong">
              <orth>tōmō</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#sg #gen #masc #strong">
              <orth>tōmas, -is</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#sg #gen #fem #strong">
              <orth>tōmaizōz</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#sg #gen #neut #strong">
              <orth>tōmas, -is</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#pl #gen #masc #strong">
              <orth>tōmaizǫ̂</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#pl #gen #fem #strong">
              <orth>tōmaizǫ̂</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#pl #gen #neut #strong">
              <orth>tōmaizǫ̂</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#sg #dat #masc #strong">
              <orth>tōmammai</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#sg #dat #fem #strong">
              <orth>tōmaizōi</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#sg #dat #neut #strong">
              <orth>tōmammai</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#pl #dat #masc #strong">
              <orth>tōmaimaz</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#pl #dat #fem #strong">
              <orth>tōmaimaz</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#pl #dat #neut #strong">
              <orth>tōmaimaz</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#sg #instr #masc #strong">
              <orth>tōmanō</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#sg #instr #fem #strong">
              <orth>tōmaizō</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#sg #instr #neut #strong">
              <orth>tōmanō</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#pl #instr #masc #strong">
              <orth>tōmaimiz</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#pl #instr #fem #strong">
              <orth>tōmaimiz</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#pl #instr #neut #strong">
              <orth>tōmaimiz</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#sg #nom #masc #weak">
              <orth>tōmô</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#sg #nom #fem #weak">
              <orth>tōmǭ</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#sg #nom #neut #weak">
              <orth>tōmô</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#pl #nom #masc #weak">
              <orth>tōmaniz</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#pl #nom #fem #weak">
              <orth>tōmōniz</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#pl #nom #neut #weak">
              <orth>tōmōnō</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#sg #acc #masc #weak">
              <orth>tōmanų</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#sg #acc #fem #weak">
              <orth>tōmōnų</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#sg #acc #neut #weak">
              <orth>tōmô</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#pl #acc #masc #weak">
              <orth>tōmanunz</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#pl #acc #fem #weak">
              <orth>tōmōnunz</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#pl #acc #neut #weak">
              <orth>tōmōnō</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#sg #gen #masc #weak">
              <orth>tōminiz</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#sg #gen #fem #weak">
              <orth>tōmōniz</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#sg #gen #neut #weak">
              <orth>tōminiz</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#pl #gen #masc #weak">
              <orth>tōmanǫ̂</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#pl #gen #fem #weak">
              <orth>tōmōnǫ̂</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#pl #gen #neut #weak">
              <orth>tōmanǫ̂</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#sg #dat #masc #weak">
              <orth>tōmini</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#sg #dat #fem #weak">
              <orth>tōmōni</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#sg #dat #neut #weak">
              <orth>tōmini</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#pl #dat #masc #weak">
              <orth>tōmammaz</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#pl #dat #fem #weak">
              <orth>tōmōmaz</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#pl #dat #neut #weak">
              <orth>tōmammaz</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#sg #instr #masc #weak">
              <orth>tōminē</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#sg #instr #fem #weak">
              <orth>tōmōnē</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#sg #instr #neut #weak">
              <orth>tōminē</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#pl #instr #masc #weak">
              <orth>tōmammiz</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#pl #instr #fem #weak">
              <orth>tōmōmiz</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#pl #instr #neut #weak">
              <orth>tōmammiz</orth>
            </form>
          </re>
          <re type="descendants">
            <list>
              <item>
                <form type="descendant">
                  <lang>Proto-West Germanic</lang>
                  <orth>*tōm(ī)</orth>
                  <form type="descendant">
                    <lang>Old Saxon</lang>
                    <orth>tōm, tōmi</orth>
                  </form>
                </form>
              </item>
              <item>
                <form type="descendant">
                  <lang>Proto-West Germanic</lang>
                  <orth>*tōm(ī)</orth>
                  <form type="descendant">
                    <lang>Old English</lang>
                    <orth>tōm</orth>
                    <form type="descendant">
                      <lang>Middle English</lang>
                      <orth>tome, tom, toume, tombe, toyme, tum, tume</orth>
                      <form type="descendant">
                        <lang>English</lang>
                        <orth>toom</orth>
                      </form>
                      <form type="descendant">
                        <lang>Scots</lang>
                        <orth>tume, tuim</orth>
                      </form>
                    </form>
                  </form>
                </form>
              </item>
              <item>
                <form type="descendant">
                  <lang>Proto-West Germanic</lang>
                  <orth>*tōm(ī)</orth>
                  <form type="descendant">
                    <lang>Old High German</lang>
                    <orth>*zuom, *zuomi</orth>
                    <form type="descendant">
                      <lang>Old High German</lang>
                      <orth>widarzuomi</orth>
                    </form>
                  </form>
                </form>
              </item>
              <item>
                <form type="descendant">
                  <lang>Proto-West Germanic</lang>
                  <orth>*tōm(ī)</orth>
                  <form type="descendant">
                    <lang>Proto-West Germanic</lang>
                    <orth>*tōmīg</orth>
                    <form type="descendant">
                      <lang>Old High German</lang>
                      <orth>zuomīg</orth>
                    </form>
                    <form type="descendant">
                      <lang>Old Saxon</lang>
                      <orth>tōmig</orth>
                    </form>
                  </form>
                </form>
              </item>
              <item>
                <form type="descendant">
                  <lang>Old Norse</lang>
                  <orth>tómr</orth>
                  <form type="descendant">
                    <lang>Faroese</lang>
                    <orth>tómur</orth>
                  </form>
                  <form type="descendant">
                    <lang>Icelandic</lang>
                    <orth>tómur</orth>
                  </form>
                  <form type="descendant">
                    <lang>Norn</lang>
                    <orth>tøm</orth>
                  </form>
                  <form type="descendant">
                    <lang>Norwegian Nynorsk</lang>
                    <orth>tom</orth>
                  </form>
                </form>
              </item>
              <item>
                <form type="descendant">
                  <lang>Old Norse</lang>
                  <orth>tómr</orth>
                  <form type="descendant">
                    <lang>Danish</lang>
                    <orth>tom</orth>
                    <form type="descendant">
                      <lang>Norwegian Bokmål</lang>
                      <orth>tom</orth>
                    </form>
                  </form>
                </form>
              </item>
              <item>
                <form type="descendant">
                  <lang>Old Norse</lang>
                  <orth>tómr</orth>
                  <form type="descendant">
                    <lang>Old Swedish</lang>
                    <orth>tōmber</orth>
                    <form type="descendant">
                      <lang>Swedish</lang>
                      <orth>tom</orth>
                    </form>
                  </form>
                </form>
              </item>
            </list>
          </re>
        </entry>
      </div>
    </body>
  </text>
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