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  <teiHeader>
    <fileDesc>
      <titleStmt>
        <title type="main">Wurdahuzdą: Proto-Germanic dictionary — *tūmōną</title>
        <author>Scott K. Shay</author>
      </titleStmt>
      <publicationStmt>
        <publisher>Wardja Press</publisher>
        <date when="2026-10-02"/>
        <idno type="URL">https://protogermanic.org/pgmc_tūmōną</idno>
      </publicationStmt>
      <sourceDesc>
        <p>Single-entry extract from the dictionary. Cross-references to other entries point to their identifiers in the full dictionary.</p>
      </sourceDesc>
    </fileDesc>
  </teiHeader>
  <text>
    <body>
      <list type="cognates">
        <item xml:id="cog_grc_thuo" xml:lang="grc" type="cognate">
          <orth>θύω</orth>
          <form type="translit">
            <orth>thúō</orth>
          </form>
          <def>I rage, storm, rush in</def>
        </item>
        <item xml:id="cog_ine-x-proto_dhewh" xml:lang="ine-x-proto" type="etymon">
          <orth>*dʰewH-</orth>
          <def>shake, roar</def>
        </item>
        <item xml:id="cog_lat_furo" xml:lang="lat" type="cognate">
          <orth>furō</orth>
          <def>to rave, rage, or seethe; to be crazed, mad, or frantic</def>
        </item>
        <item xml:id="cog_san_dhavati" xml:lang="san" type="cognate">
          <orth>धावति</orth>
          <form type="translit">
            <orth>dhāvati</orth>
          </form>
          <def>to flee, run</def>
        </item>
      </list>
      <div type="dictionary">
        <entry xml:id="pgmc_tumona" type="verb" corresp="https://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/Reconstruction:Proto-Germanic/tūmōną">
          <form type="lemma">
            <orth>tūmōną</orth>
            <pron notation="ipa">ˈtuː.mɔː.nɑ̃</pron>
            <form type="runic">
              <orth>ᛏᚢᛗᛟᚾᚨ</orth>
            </form>
          </form>
          <gramGrp>
            <pos>verb</pos>
            <gram type="class">Weak class 2</gram>
          </gramGrp>
          <sense n="1">
            <def>to rotate; spin; revolve</def>
          </sense>
          <etym>
            <seg type="p">Unknown. Orel considers the word of onomatopoeic origin, similar to Romanian tumbă (‘somersault’) and its Romance cognates. Etymologiebank, apparently citing LIV 149, says that it is possibly related to Sanskrit <mentioned xml:lang="san" target="#cog_san_dhavati"><ref target="#cog_san_dhavati">धावति</ref></mentioned> (dhāvati, ‘to flee, run’), Ancient Greek <mentioned xml:lang="grc" target="#cog_grc_thuo"><ref target="#cog_grc_thuo">θύω</ref></mentioned> (thúō, ‘I rage, storm, rush in’), Latin <mentioned xml:lang="lat" target="#cog_lat_furo"><ref target="#cog_lat_furo">furō</ref></mentioned> (‘I rage’), suggesting a hypothetical Proto-Indo-European <mentioned xml:lang="ine-x-proto" target="#cog_ine-x-proto_dhewh"><ref target="#cog_ine-x-proto_dhewh">*dʰewH-</ref></mentioned> (‘shake, roar’).</seg>
          </etym>
          <re type="paradigm">
            <form type="inflected" ana="#pres #ind #act #p1 #sg">
              <orth>tūmō</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#pres #subj #act #p1 #sg">
              <orth>tūmǭ</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#pres #ind #pass #p1 #sg">
              <orth>tūmōi</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#pres #ind #act #p2 #sg">
              <orth>tūmōsi</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#pres #subj #act #p2 #sg">
              <orth>tūmōs</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#pres #imper #act #p2 #sg">
              <orth>tūmō</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#pres #ind #pass #p2 #sg">
              <orth>tūmōsai</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#pres #subj #pass #p2 #sg">
              <orth>tūmōsau</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#pres #ind #act #p3 #sg">
              <orth>tūmōþi</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#pres #subj #act #p3 #sg">
              <orth>tūmō</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#pres #imper #act #p3 #sg">
              <orth>tūmōþau</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#pres #ind #pass #p3 #sg">
              <orth>tūmōþai</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#pres #subj #pass #p3 #sg">
              <orth>tūmōþau</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#pres #ind #act #p1 #du">
              <orth>tūmōs</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#pres #subj #act #p1 #du">
              <orth>tūmōw</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#pres #ind #act #p2 #du">
              <orth>tūmōþiz</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#pres #subj #act #p2 #du">
              <orth>tūmōþiz</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#pres #imper #act #p2 #du">
              <orth>tūmōþiz</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#pres #ind #act #p1 #pl">
              <orth>tūmōmaz</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#pres #subj #act #p1 #pl">
              <orth>tūmōm</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#pres #ind #pass #p1 #pl">
              <orth>tūmōnþai</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#pres #subj #pass #p1 #pl">
              <orth>tūmōnþau</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#pres #ind #act #p2 #pl">
              <orth>tūmōþ</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#pres #subj #act #p2 #pl">
              <orth>tūmōþ</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#pres #imper #act #p2 #pl">
              <orth>tūmōþ</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#pres #ind #pass #p2 #pl">
              <orth>tūmōnþai</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#pres #subj #pass #p2 #pl">
              <orth>tūmōnþau</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#pres #ind #act #p3 #pl">
              <orth>tūmōnþi</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#pres #subj #act #p3 #pl">
              <orth>tūmōn</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#pres #imper #act #p3 #pl">
              <orth>tūmōnþau</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#pres #ind #pass #p3 #pl">
              <orth>tūmōnþai</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#pres #subj #pass #p3 #pl">
              <orth>tūmōnþau</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#past #ind #p1 #sg">
              <orth>tūmōdǭ</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#past #subj #p1 #sg">
              <orth>tūmōdēdį̄</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#past #ind #p2 #sg">
              <orth>tūmōdēz</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#past #subj #p2 #sg">
              <orth>tūmōdēdīz</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#past #ind #p3 #sg">
              <orth>tūmōdē</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#past #subj #p3 #sg">
              <orth>tūmōdēdī</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#past #ind #p1 #du">
              <orth>tūmōdēdū</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#past #subj #p1 #du">
              <orth>tūmōdēdīw</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#past #ind #p2 #du">
              <orth>tūmōdēdudiz</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#past #subj #p2 #du">
              <orth>tūmōdēdīdiz</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#past #ind #p1 #pl">
              <orth>tūmōdēdum</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#past #subj #p1 #pl">
              <orth>tūmōdēdīm</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#past #ind #p2 #pl">
              <orth>tūmōdēdud</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#past #subj #p2 #pl">
              <orth>tūmōdēdīd</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#past #ind #p3 #pl">
              <orth>tūmōdēdun</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#past #subj #p3 #pl">
              <orth>tūmōdēdīn</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="participle" subtype="present">
              <orth>tūmōndz</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="participle" subtype="past">
              <orth>tūmōdaz</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="infinitive">
              <orth>tūmōną</orth>
            </form>
          </re>
          <re type="descendants">
            <list>
              <item>
                <form type="descendant">
                  <lang>Old English</lang>
                  <orth>tumbian</orth>
                  <form type="descendant">
                    <lang>Middle English</lang>
                    <orth>tumben, tomben, toumbe</orth>
                    <form type="descendant">
                      <lang>English</lang>
                      <orth>tumb</orth>
                    </form>
                  </form>
                </form>
              </item>
              <item>
                <form type="descendant">
                  <lang>Old English</lang>
                  <orth>tumbian</orth>
                  <form type="descendant">
                    <lang>Middle English</lang>
                    <orth>tumben, tomben, toumbe</orth>
                    <form type="descendant">
                      <lang>Middle English</lang>
                      <orth>tumblen</orth>
                      <form type="descendant">
                        <lang>English</lang>
                        <orth>tumble</orth>
                      </form>
                      <form type="descendant">
                        <lang>Scots</lang>
                        <orth>tummyll, tumbill, tummle</orth>
                      </form>
                    </form>
                  </form>
                </form>
              </item>
              <item>
                <form type="descendant">
                  <lang>Old Frisian</lang>
                  <orth>*tumbia</orth>
                  <form type="descendant">
                    <lang>Old Frisian</lang>
                    <orth>*tūmlia</orth>
                    <form type="descendant">
                      <lang>Saterland Frisian</lang>
                      <orth>tuumelje</orth>
                    </form>
                  </form>
                </form>
              </item>
              <item>
                <form type="descendant">
                  <lang>Old Saxon</lang>
                  <orth>*tūmōn</orth>
                  <form type="descendant">
                    <lang>Old Saxon</lang>
                    <orth>*tūmilōn</orth>
                    <form type="descendant">
                      <lang>Middle Low German</lang>
                      <orth>tumelen, tummelen</orth>
                      <form type="descendant">
                        <lang>German Low German</lang>
                        <orth>dummeln</orth>
                      </form>
                    </form>
                  </form>
                </form>
              </item>
              <item>
                <form type="descendant">
                  <lang>Old Dutch</lang>
                  <orth>*tūmon</orth>
                  <form type="descendant">
                    <lang>Middle Dutch</lang>
                    <orth>tumen</orth>
                    <form type="descendant">
                      <lang>Middle Dutch</lang>
                      <orth>tumelen</orth>
                      <form type="descendant">
                        <lang>Dutch</lang>
                        <orth>tuimelen</orth>
                        <form type="descendant">
                          <lang>Afrikaans</lang>
                          <orth>tuimel</orth>
                        </form>
                      </form>
                    </form>
                  </form>
                </form>
              </item>
              <item>
                <form type="descendant">
                  <lang>Vulgar Latin</lang>
                  <orth>*tumbāre</orth>
                  <form type="descendant">
                    <lang>Italian</lang>
                    <orth>tomare, *tombare</orth>
                  </form>
                </form>
              </item>
              <item>
                <form type="descendant">
                  <lang>Vulgar Latin</lang>
                  <orth>*tumbāre</orth>
                  <form type="descendant">
                    <lang>Eastern Romance</lang>
                    <orth>?</orth>
                    <form type="descendant">
                      <lang>Aromanian</lang>
                      <orth>tumbã</orth>
                    </form>
                    <form type="descendant">
                      <lang>Romanian</lang>
                      <orth>tumbă</orth>
                    </form>
                  </form>
                </form>
              </item>
              <item>
                <form type="descendant">
                  <lang>Vulgar Latin</lang>
                  <orth>*tumbāre</orth>
                  <form type="descendant">
                    <lang>Old French</lang>
                    <orth>tumber, tumer, tomber</orth>
                    <form type="descendant">
                      <lang>Walloon</lang>
                      <orth>toumer</orth>
                    </form>
                  </form>
                </form>
              </item>
              <item>
                <form type="descendant">
                  <lang>Vulgar Latin</lang>
                  <orth>*tumbāre</orth>
                  <form type="descendant">
                    <lang>Old French</lang>
                    <orth>tumber, tumer, tomber</orth>
                    <form type="descendant">
                      <lang>Middle French</lang>
                      <orth>tomber, tumber</orth>
                      <form type="descendant">
                        <lang>French</lang>
                        <orth>tomber, tumer</orth>
                      </form>
                    </form>
                  </form>
                </form>
              </item>
              <item>
                <form type="descendant">
                  <lang>Vulgar Latin</lang>
                  <orth>*tumbāre</orth>
                  <form type="descendant">
                    <lang>Old Occitan</lang>
                    <orth>?</orth>
                    <form type="descendant">
                      <lang>Catalan</lang>
                      <orth>tombar</orth>
                    </form>
                    <form type="descendant">
                      <lang>Occitan</lang>
                      <orth>tumber, tomber</orth>
                    </form>
                  </form>
                </form>
              </item>
              <item>
                <form type="descendant">
                  <lang>Vulgar Latin</lang>
                  <orth>*tumbāre</orth>
                  <form type="descendant">
                    <lang>West Iberian</lang>
                    <orth>?</orth>
                    <form type="descendant">
                      <lang>Portuguese</lang>
                      <orth>tombar</orth>
                    </form>
                    <form type="descendant">
                      <lang>Spanish</lang>
                      <orth>tumbar</orth>
                    </form>
                  </form>
                </form>
              </item>
              <item>
                <form type="descendant">
                  <lang>Old High German</lang>
                  <orth>tūmōn</orth>
                  <form type="descendant">
                    <lang>Middle High German</lang>
                    <orth>tumen</orth>
                  </form>
                </form>
              </item>
              <item>
                <form type="descendant">
                  <lang>Old High German</lang>
                  <orth>tūmōn</orth>
                  <form type="descendant">
                    <lang>Old High German</lang>
                    <orth>tūmalōn, tūmilōn, tumelen</orth>
                    <form type="descendant">
                      <lang>Middle High German</lang>
                      <orth>tūmeln, tumeln</orth>
                      <form type="descendant">
                        <lang>German</lang>
                        <orth>taumeln, tummeln</orth>
                      </form>
                      <form type="descendant">
                        <lang>Luxembourgish</lang>
                        <orth>tommelen</orth>
                      </form>
                    </form>
                  </form>
                </form>
              </item>
              <item>
                <form type="descendant">
                  <lang>Old Norse</lang>
                  <orth>tumba</orth>
                  <form type="descendant">
                    <lang>Icelandic</lang>
                    <orth>tumba</orth>
                  </form>
                </form>
              </item>
            </list>
          </re>
        </entry>
      </div>
    </body>
  </text>
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